Indian Contract Act, 1872 · Chapter X: Agency · Ratification
Section 198: Knowledge requisite for valid ratification
In plain words
A ratification is not valid if the person ratifying has materially defective knowledge of the facts.
A simplified explanation, prepared with AI assistance from the official text below and checked automatically against it for numbers and cross-references. The official text is the law and prevails over this summary. Not legal advice.
Official text
No valid ratification can be made by a person whose knowledge of the facts of the case is materially defective.
Source: India Code (indiacode.gov.in), the consolidated text published by the Legislative Department, Government of India. Text as updated on India Code on 15 October 2026. Words in square brackets [ ] were inserted or substituted by later amending Acts, and *** marks words omitted by an amendment. The amendment footnotes are not reproduced here. Official text on India Code.