Constitution of India · Part III: Fundamental Rights · Right to Freedom
Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty
In plain words
No person can be deprived of their life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.
A simplified explanation, prepared with AI assistance from the official text below and checked automatically against it for numbers and cross-references. The official text is the law and prevails over this summary. Not legal advice.
Read the in-depth explanation, with key Supreme Court rulings ↓
Official text
No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.
Source: India Code (Legislative Department), the official text of the Constitution of India. As amended up to the Constitution (One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 2023. Text as on 10 September 2026. Words in square brackets [ ] were inserted or substituted by later amending Acts, and *** marks words omitted by an amendment. The amendment footnotes are not reproduced here. Official text on India Code.
Understanding this article
Article 21 says no person shall be deprived of life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. Its text is short, but it has become the most expansive provision of the Constitution, the source of rights to privacy, dignity, livelihood, health, a clean environment, speedy trial, legal aid and much more.
From any procedure to fair procedure
Read literally, procedure established by law could mean any procedure a law prescribes. In 1978 the Supreme Court rejected that reading. The procedure must be fair, just and reasonable, not arbitrary, fanciful or oppressive. Articles 14, 19 and 21 are read together, so a law depriving liberty must satisfy all three.
Life means more than survival
Life in Article 21 means a life with dignity. The Court has drawn many specific rights from it, including the right to livelihood, shelter, health, education (now also Article 21A), a clean environment, privacy, and a speedy and fair trial.
Privacy
In 2017 a nine judge bench held that privacy is a fundamental right, protected as part of life and personal liberty under Article 21 and the freedoms in Part III. Earlier decisions saying otherwise were overruled. Any intrusion must be backed by law, pursue a legitimate aim and be proportionate.
Dignity, autonomy and choice
Building on privacy, the Court has protected personal autonomy in intimate matters. Section 377 of the IPC was read down so as not to criminalise consensual acts between adults, and adultery was decriminalised.
Every person
Article 21 protects every person, including non-citizens. It is enforceable against the State, and it cannot be suspended even during an Emergency, along with Article 20.
Key Supreme Court rulings
Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978) 1 SCC 248
The procedure established by law for depriving a person of liberty "must be fair, just and reasonable"; a procedure that is arbitrary does not satisfy Article 21.
Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India 2017 INSC 801
Privacy is a constitutionally protected right, an intrinsic part of life and personal liberty under Article 21 and of the freedoms in Part III; M.P. Sharma and Kharak Singh were overruled to the extent they held otherwise.
Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India 2018 INSC 790
Section 377 of the IPC was read down so that it no longer criminalises consensual sexual acts between adults, drawing on dignity, autonomy and privacy under Articles 14, 15, 19 and 21.
Common mistakes
- Reading procedure established by law as any procedure at all. It must be fair, just and reasonable.
- Thinking Article 21 protects only citizens.
- Forgetting that Articles 20 and 21 cannot be suspended in an Emergency.
Read with: Article 14 Constitution, Article 19 Constitution, Article 21A Constitution, Article 359 Constitution
Prepared with AI assistance as a study aid. Every ruling listed was checked against the Supreme Court's own judgments on this site, and quoted words appear in those judgments; linked names open the full judgment. Read the judgments themselves before relying on them. Not legal advice.
Supreme Court judgments citing the article 21
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Dr. Sohail Malik v. Union of India & Anr.
Issue arose whether the Internal Complaints Committee-ICC constituted in one department of the Central Government has the jurisdiction to entertain a complaint of sexual harassment under the POSH Act against an employee…
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The State of Jharkhand v. The Indian Builders Jamshedpur
Bharat Drilling & Foundation Treatment Pvt. Ltd. v. State of Jharkhand and Ors. (2009) 16 SCC 705, if requires to be referred to a larger bench for reconsideration and authoritative decision in order to obviate…
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Mission Accessibility v. Union of India & Ors.
In the instant petition, the petitioner sought for the modification of the timeline for scribe registration in the Civil Services Examination conducted by Union Public Service Commission and for permitting the use of…
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Rousanara Begum v. S.K. Salahuddin @ SK Salauddin & Anr.
Issue arose whether goods given to a daughter at the time of her marriage by her father, or to the bridegroom, can be by application of law, returned to the daughter-appellant given that their marriage had ended in…
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R. Rajendran v. Kamar Nisha and Others
The High Court directed the appellant to appear before a Hospital for collection of blood samples for DNA profiling. Whether the High Court was justified in directing the appellant to undergo DNA testing.
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Mihir Rajesh Shah v. State of Maharashtra and Another
Whether in each and every case, even arising out of an offence under Penal Code, 1860 now Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 would it be necessary to furnish grounds of arrest to an accused either before arrest or forthwith…
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Legislative Council U.P. Lucknow & Ors. v. Sushil Kumar & Ors.
(1) Whether the Division Bench of the High Court while entertaining Special Appeal Defective No.485/2023 against the order of Single Judge along with Writ-A No.140/2022 was justified to direct the office to register a…
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Vijaya Kumari S & Another v. Union of India
Issue arose whether the age-restrictions u/s.4(iii)(c)(I) of Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 should be applied to intending couples, all of whom had commenced the surrogacy process, to the extent of having their…
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Dashwanth v. State of Tamil Nadu
Trial Court found appellant guilty for the charges framed u/ss.302, 201, 363, 366 and 354-B of the IPC and s.8 r/w. s.7 and s.6 r/w. s.5(m) of the POCSO Act. An appeal against the said conviction was dismissed by the…
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Swacch Association, Nagpur v. The State of Maharashtra & Ors.
Whether the Futala Tank classifies within the meaning and definition of r.2(1)(g) of the Wetlands (Conservation & Management) Rules, 2017; The kind and nature of the constructions in and around the Futala Tank.
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Vinishma Technologies Pvt. Ltd. v. State of Chhattisgarh & Anr.
Issue arose whether the impugned tender condition meets the test of reasonableness and fairness and or whether the same constitutes an arbitrary criteria which excludes the other eligible bidders from participation…
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The Central Bureau of Investigation v. Mir Usman @ Ara @ Mir Usman Ali
When victim herself has stepped into witness box, whether her examination can be done in piecemeal.
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The State of Haryana v. Jai Singh and Others
The issue pertains to assail the correctness of the Judgment and Order passed by the Full Bench of High Court wherein the writ petition preferred by the proprietors/landowners, (Respondents herein), challenging the…
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M.S. Patter v. State of NCT of Delhi and Others
Reforms in Beggars’ Homes.
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Anna Waman Bhalerao v. State of Maharashtra
Whether the High Court was justified in rejecting the anticipatory bail applications of the appellants; issue of inordinate delay by Courts in deciding the bail and anticipatory bail applications.
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Reena Banerjee and Another v. Government of NCT of Delhi and Others
The present case concerns the implementation of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 along with the prolonged institutionalisation. The lack of access to education, health, and community life for persons…
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(CREDAI) v. Union of India & Others
Whether the General Conditions (GC) under the EIA 2006 Notification, are applicable to Item 8(a) (Building and Construction Projects) and Item 8(b) (Township and Area Development Projects) of the Schedule thereto, and,…
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Mamman Khan v. State of Haryana
Issue arose whether the orders of the trial court, as affirmed by the High Court, directing segregation of the appellant’s trial from that of the co-accused and requiring the filing of a separate charge sheet solely on…
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Mansi Brar Fernandes v. Shubha Sharma and Anr.
Whether the appellants, fall within the category of “speculative investors” so as to disentitle them from initiating proceedings u/s.7 of the IBC; whether the Ordinance/Amendment Act introducing threshold requirements…
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Tarun Sharma v. State of Haryana.
Conviction of the appellant u/s.302, IPC based on the statement/ dying declaration (Exh. P-34) of the deceased, if ought to be set aside.
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Anjuman Ishaat-E-Taleem Trust v. The State of Maharashtra and Others
1) Whether the State can insist that a teacher seeking appointment in a minority educational institution must qualify the Teacher Eligibility Test (TET); If so, whether providing such a qualification would affect any of…
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Kiran v. Rajkumar Jivraj Jain & Anr.
Whether the High Court was correct in allowing the pre-arrest bail to respondent-accused u/s.438 Cr.PC in respect of alleged commission of offenses punishable u/ss.118(1), 115(1), 189(2), 189(4), 190, 191(2), 191(3),…
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Vasanta Sampat Dupare v. Union of India & Ors.
Writ petition filed u/Art.32 challenging the continuing validity of the sentence of death against the petitioner, having been affirmed on appeal, declined in review, and followed by the rejection of mercy petitions and…
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IN RE: “CITY HOUNDED BY STRAYS, KIDS PAY PRICE” versus
The issue involved in these petitions centres around the right of the stray dogs to live on the streets, vis-à-vis, the safety and security of the citizens particularly the kids and elderly people from these very stray…
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Union Territory of J & K (Previously State of Jammu & Kashmir) & Anr. v. Raja Muzaffar Bhat & Ors.
Accepting the recommendations of the EAC, the State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) granted Environmental Clearance (EC) to the project proponent on 19.04.2022. Aggrieved by the issuance of EC dated…
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Dharam Singh & Ors. v. State Of U.P. & Anr.
Whether the High Court erred in failing to adjudicate the appellants’ principal challenge to the State’s refusals to sanction posts and treating the matter as a mere plea for regularization, and, if so, given the…
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Kalpataru Projects International Ltd.) v. Vinod and Ors. Etc.
Issue arose as regards the landowners seeking further enhancement of compensation on account of damages suffered by erection of transmission lines and towers, whereas the Contractor challenging the amount of…
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State of Karnataka v. Sri Darshan Etc.
Whether the order of the High Court granting bail to the respondents-accused persons in a case involving serious charges u/ss.302, 120B, and 34 IPC is perverse and legally unsustainable, warranting cancellation of bail.
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IN RE: “CITY HOUNDED BY STRAYS, KIDS PAY PRICE” versus
In the instant petition, the issue centres around the disturbing pattern of dog bites in the country. Whether immediate steps need be taken to take care of the menace of dog bites leading to rabies.
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XXX v. The Union of India & Others
Issue arose as to whether the writ petition be entertained at all having regard to the conduct of the petitioner-High Court Judge; does the In-house Procedure have legal sanction; is an inquiry and the consequent report…
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Delhi Pollution Control Committee v. Lodhi Property Co. Ltd. Etc.
Whether the regulatory boards can, in exercise of powers u/s.33A of the Water Act and s.31A of the Air Act, impose and collect as restitutionary and compensatory damages fixed sums of monies or require furnishing bank…
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Ch. Joseph v. The Telangana State Road Transport Corporation & Other
i) Whether the retirement of the appellant on medical grounds due to colour blindness, without offering alternative employment, is legally sustainable in light of applicable service regulations and binding settlements;…
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Khem Singh (D) Through Lrs v. State of Uttaranchal (Now State of Uttarakhand) & Another Etc.
During pendency of these appeals, son of original appellant (since deceased) filed an application seeking setting aside of the abatement and for substitution. Whether the applicant is entitled to be substituted in place…
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Development Authority v. L.G. Chaudhary Engineers
The core issue in the present matter revolves around determining the appropriate forum for the adjudication of disputes arising out of the Concession Agreement dated 05.01.2012 entered into between the appellant and…
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Sukhdev Yadav @ Pehalwan v. State of (NCT of Delhi) & Others
Whether, an accused/convict who has completed his “life imprisonment for a fixed term” such as twenty years of actual sentence without remission, as in the instant case, is entitled to be released from prison on…
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Ajwar v. Waseem and Another
Issue arose as regards the correctness of the impugned order passed by the High Court granting bail to respondent no.1-accused.
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Gajanan Dattatray Gore v. The State of Maharashtra & Anr.
Whether the bail granted to the appellant-accused on the basis of his undertaking to deposit Rs.25,00,000/- was rightly cancelled by the High Court on his failure to deposit the same.
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K. Purushottam Reddy v. Union of India and Ors.
(a) Whether the exclusion of the States of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana (or any other State), from the scope of delimitation under the Impugned Notifications and limiting it only to the Union Territory of Jammu and…
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Sukdeb Saha v. The State of Andhra Pradesh & Ors.
Issue of growing crisis of student suicides in educational institutions; need for a preventive, remedial, and supportive framework for mental health protection and prevention of suicides by students; whether in the…
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M/s Rimjhim Ispat Limited and Others v. Union of India & Another
Matter pertains to the legality of having parallel and continuation of adjudication proceedings and criminal proceedings against the appellants.
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Vishu Vardhan @ Vishnu Pradhan v. The State of Uttar Pradesh & Ors.
Issue arose whether the impugned order having merged with this Court’s order in Reddy Veerana’s case, as claimed by R, renders the present appeal which lays a collateral challenge to an order of this Court itself not…
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Khursheed Ahmad Chohan v. Union of Territory of Jammu and Kashmir and Ors. Etc.
Issue arose as to whether the facts and circumstances disclosed in the complaint, supported by compelling medical evidence of grievous injuries, including complete genital mutilation, mandatorily required registration…
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M Sambasiva Rao v. The State of Andhra Pradesh
Whether the High Court erred in convicting the appellant-accused no.1 u/s.120B, IPC and ss.7, 13(2) r/w s.13(1)(d), Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 by reversing the finding of acquittal of the Trial Court.
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Satender Kumar Antil v. Central Bureau of Investigation & Anr.
Issue arose as to whether the usage of electronic communication can also be extended to the procedure governing the service of a notice, contemplated u/s.35 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023.
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Kattavellai @ Devakar v. State of Tamilnadu
Issue arose as to the correctness of the order passed by the High Court upholding the order of the conviction and death sentence of the appellant for offence punishable u/ss.302, 376 and 397 IPC.
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L. Muruganantham v. State of Tamil Nadu & Others
(A) Whether the order of the High Court enhancing compensation to Rs.5,00,000/- for the alleged violations committed against the appellant, while dismissing the complaint against respondent no.3, and partly allowing the…
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Estate Officer, Haryana Urban Development Authority and Ors. v. Nirmala Devi
The matter pertains to allotment of residential plots/commercial sites to the Oustees-respondents pursuant acquisition of their land for the purpose of development of the residential sector. The issue arose whether the…
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Vibhor Garg v. Neha
Issue arose whether the conversation between spouses secretly recorded by one of them could be permitted to be made admissible in evidence; whether in light of the Evidence Act and the Family Courts Act, 1984, a…
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Amlesh Kumar v. The State of Bihar
Whether in the attending facts and circumstances, the High Court could have accepted a submission of the Sub-Divisional Police Officer, to conduct narco-analysis test of all the accused persons (including the appellant)…
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Dhanya M v. State of Kerala & Ors.
Whether the preventive detention of the detenu is in accordance with law.
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Arif Md. Yeasin Jwadder v. State of Assam and Ors.
The instant matter arises from a series of encounters reported in the State of Assam (Respondent No. 1), the authenticity of which has been called into question on various counts. The appellant asserted that no…
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Old Jalukai Village Council v. Kakiho Village & Ors.
Whether it could be said that the respondent no.1-village had fulfilled all the necessary conditions/criteria for the issuance of formal order(s) of recognition as per the O.M.s dated 22.03.1996 and 01.10.2005…
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Vinod Bihari Lal v. State of Uttar Pradesh & Anr.
Issue arose whether the High Court was justified in rejecting the applications filed u/s.482 Cr.PC by appellant for quashing the proceedings arising out of FIR u/s.2 and 3 of U.P. Gangsters & Anti-Social Activities…
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K. Umadevi v. Government of Tamil Nadu & Ors.
The Division Bench of the High Court held that appellant was not entitled to the benefit of maternity leave.
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IN RE: RIGHT TO PRIVACY OF ADOLESCENTS versus
Issue arose as regards sentencing the accused; about the rehabilitation of the victim and her child; and about adopting measures for adolescent well being and child protection.
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Kasireddy Upender Reddy v. State of Andhra Pradesh and Ors.
Whether the arrest of the appellant’s son was per se illegal for want of supply of appropriate and meaningful grounds of arrest, as alleged.
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Sakhawat and Anr. v. State of Uttar Pradesh
Matter pertains to the correctness of the order passed by the High Court upholding the conviction of the appellants under various sections of Penal Code, 1860, when the prosecution failed to conduct fair investigation…
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IN RE: ZUDPI JUNGLE LANDS versus
Issue pertains to the status of Zudpi Jungle or Zudpi Forest in the six districts of State of Maharashtra; and whether the recommendations made by the CEC in its 2025 Report should be accepted or not.
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Vanashakti v. Union of India
Whether the 2017 Notification issued by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) in the context of the EIA Notification 2006 for grant of ex post facto environmental clearances (EC) is legal and…
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IN RE: CONSTRUCTION OF MULTI STOREYED BUILDINGS IN FOREST LAND MAHARASHTRA versus
Issue arose whether the subject land is a Forest Land; whether the Divisional Commissioner was justified in recommending the allotment of subject land in favour of C family and as to whether the State Government was…
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Nagarajan & Anr. v. The State of Tamil Nadu
Whether the benefit of the provisions of the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 can be granted to the appellants; if the answer to the aforesaid issue is in the negative, can the reduced sentence that the Food Safety and…
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Lal Mohd. & Anr. v. State of U.P. & Ors.
Whether the prosecution of the appellants under the UP Gangsters Act satisfies the statutory thresholds prescribed under the Act, when it is based entirely on a single FIR, in which the appellants were already arrested…
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Harpreet Singh Talwar @ Kabir Talwar v. The State of Gujarat Th. National Investigating Agency
Whether in the facts and circumstances of the case, the Appellant is entitled for regular bail.
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Wikimedia Foundation Inc. v. ANI Media Private Limited & Ors.
Issue arose with respect to the legality and propriety of the directions issued by the Division Bench of the High Court to the appellant to take down/delete the pages and discussion with regard to the observations made…
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P. Nallammal v. State By The Inspector of Police, Vigilance and
Matter pertains to appeal challenging the conviction and sentence of the appellant u/s.109 IPC r/w ss.13(1)(e) and 13(2) of PC Act; appeal challenging the attachment Order as modified by the High Court; and the appeal…
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Harjinder Singh v. The State of Punjab & Anr.
Whether the evidence led, in the instant case, justified the Trial Court’s exercise of power u/s.319 CrPC to summon respondent no. 2, and whether the High Court was right in setting that order aside at the threshold.
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R. Ranjith Singh & Ors. v. The State of Tamil Nadu & Ors.
The dispute involved in the present case is fixation of inter se seniority in respect of direct recruitment which includes some in-service candidates also recruited under the direct recruitment quota.
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Pavul Yesu Dhasan v. The Registrar, State Human Rights Commission of Tamil Nadu & Ors.
Matter pertains to the violation of human rights on refusal to register FIR by the Inspector of Police as also using of objectionable language while talking to complainant’s mother; and correctness of order of the State…
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Pragya Prasun & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors.
1. Whether the present digital KYC / e-KYC / video-KYC framework is inaccessible to persons with disabilities? 2. Whether the regulatory authorities (RBI, SEBI, TRAI, PFRDA, IRDAI, DoT) have failed to ensure reasonable…
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Panchayati Raj, Lucknow v. Ram Prakash Singh
Whether, in pursuance of a purported enquiry where there was none to present the case of the department, no witness was examined in support of the charges and no document was formally proved, any order of punishment…
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Sachin v. State of Maharashtra
Issue arose whether, the High Court could enhance the sentence under its revisional powers in a convict’s appeal against conviction.
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Directorate of Revenue Intelligence v. Raj Kumar Arora & Ors.
Issue arose whether an offence u/s.8(c) of the NDPS Act could be said to have been made out when an accused “deals with” psychotropic substances mentioned in the Schedule to the NDPS Act but not figuring in Schedule I…
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Shahed Kamal & Ors. v. M/s A. Surti Developers Pvt. Ltd. & Anr.
Whether the complaint filed by the respondent makes out a case for offences punishable under Section 500 read with Section 34, IPC against the appellants.
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Pinki v. State of Uttar Pradesh and Anr.
Whether the High Court erred in passing various orders granting bail to accused persons in matters involving offences of serious nature of child trafficking.
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The State of Tamil Nadu v. The Governor of Tamil Nadu & Anr.
a. What courses of action are available to the Governor in exercise of his powers under Article 200 of the Constitution. b. Whether the Governor can reserve a Bill for the consideration of the President when it is…
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M/s Celestium Financial v. A. Gnanasekaran Etc.
Issue arose as regards the maintainability of an appeal under proviso to s.372 CrPC against order of acquittal in a case instituted upon a private complaint u/s.138 Negotiable Instruments Act, by treating the…
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Serious Fraud Investigation Office v. Aditya Sarda
Matter pertains to the sustainability of orders passed by the High Court granting anticipatory bail to respondents accused of serious economic offences, and avoiding execution of summons or warrants, disobeying the…
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Zulfiquar Haider & Anr. v. State of Uttar Pradesh & Ors.
Whether the demolition of the appellants’ residential premises/ buildings by the Prayagraj Development Authority (PDA) purportedly done under Section 27 of the Uttar Pradesh Urban Planning and Development Act, 1973 was…
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Imran Pratapgadhi v. State Of Gujarat and Anr.
Whether on facts, the offences punishable under Sections 196, 197, 299 and 302 of the BNS as alleged, were made out against the appellant, a Member of Rajya Sabha; whether the High Court erred in rejecting the petition…
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Yerikala Sunkalamma & Anr. v. State of Andhra Pradesh, Department of Revenue & Ors.
Whether the High Court was correct in setting aside the judgment of the trial court whereby the appellants were held to be the lawful owners of the ‘Patta Land’.
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Firoz Khan Akbarkhan v. The State of Maharashtra
Whether the concurrent conviction of the appellant u/s.302 r/w s.34, Penal Code, 1860 is justified; whether he is entitled to remission of sentence.
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The Auroville Foundation v. Navroz Kersasp Mody & Ors.
Matter pertains to the correctness of judgment passed by the National Green Tribunal giving directions to the appellant-Foundation as regards the construction of roads in Auroville Township.
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Pradeep Nirankarnath Sharma v. State of Gujarat & Ors.
Does the decision in Lalita Kumari v. Government of Uttar Pradesh & Ors. [2013] 14 SCR 713 create an absolute rule that a preliminary inquiry must be conducted in every case before the registration of an FIR.
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Jamin & Anr. v. State of Uttar Pradesh & Anr.
(i) Whether the High Court was right in exercising its revisional jurisdiction for the purpose of setting aside the order of the Trial Court rejecting the second application preferred by the respondent no.2 u/s.319 of…
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M/s Shri Sendhur Agro & Oil Industries v. Kotak Mahindra Bank Ltd.
Issue arose whether a complaint filed u/s.138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, can be ordered to be transferred from one court to the other having territorial jurisdiction to try the offence in exercise of powers…
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Joyi Kitty Joseph v. Union of India & Ors.
The wife of the detenu; detained under the provisions of the Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974 (COFEPOSA Act) is challenging the order of detention.
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Siddharth Dalmia & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors.
In the instant Writ petition, purportedly filed in Public Interest, the Petitioner sought a direction to the private hospitals not to compel the patients to buy the medicines, etc. from the pharmacies recommended by…
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Devinder Kumar Bansal v. The State of Punjab
Issue arose whether the High Court justified in denying anticipatory bail to the petitioner in connection with FIR registered against the petitioner for the offence punishable u/s.7 of the 1988 Act and s.61(2) of the…
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IN RE: RECRUITMENT OF VISUALLY IMPAIRED IN JUDICIAL SERVICES versus
Whether visually impaired candidates can be said to be ‘not suitable’ for judicial service; Whether the amendment made in Rule 6A of Madhya Pradesh Judicial Services (Recruitment and Conditions of Service) Rules, 1994…
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Sudershan Singh Wazir v. State (NCT of Delhi) & Ors.
Issue arose as regards the correctness of orders passed by the High Court staying the discharge of the accused and directing him to surrender before the trial court.
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Radhika Agarwal v. Union of India and Others
Challenge to the constitutional validity and the right of the authorized officers to arrest under the Customs Act, 1962 and the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 (GST Act).
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The State of Chattisgarh v. Ashok Bhoi Etc.
Whether the High Court was justified in allowing the criminal appeal preferred by accused-respondent and dismissing acquittal appeal preferred by the State, thereby acquitting both the accused persons.
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Dr. Sunil Kumar Singh v. Bihar Legislative Council (Through Secretary) and Ors.
(1) Whether the instant writ petition is maintainable in view of Article 212 (1) of the Constitution of India and whether the proceedings of the ethics committee are amenable to judicial review? (2) Whether this court…
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Maatr Sparsh An Initiative by Avyaan Foundation v. Union of India & Others
1. Whether a Writ of Mandamus should be issued to the Respondents to act and thereby construct feeding rooms and child care rooms, etc. or any other facilities related to infants and mothers at public places. 2. Whether…
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State of Rajasthan v. Surendra Singh Rathore
Issue arose as to whether the registration of the subsequent FIR is legally permissible and whether the High Court was correct in exercising its inherent powers in quashing the same.
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IN RE: POLICY STRATEGY FOR GRANT OF BAIL versus
The first issue is whether the power to grant remission can be exercised without the convict or anyone on behalf of the convict applying to the appropriate Government for a grant of remission. The second issue is about…
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Subhelal @ Sushil Sahu v. The State of Chhattisgarh
High Court denied regular bail to the appellant for offences punishable under Sections 420, 201, 120-B read with Section 34, Penal Code, 1860. On facts, appellant, if entitled to bail. Factors relevant for considering…
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Tapas Kumar Palit v. State of Chhattisgarh
Appellant in judicial custody for 5 years, no certainty as regards the time likely to take in conclusion of the trial. Whether the appellant is entitled to bail.
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Sukhdev Singh v. Sukhbir Kaur
Whether a spouse of a marriage declared as void under s.11 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, is entitled to claim permanent alimony and maintenance under u/s.25 of the Act; whether in a petition filed seeking a…
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Jay Kishan and Ors. v. The State of Uttar Pradesh and Ors.
Whether the High Court was justified in dismissing the writ petition filed by the appellants for quashing the FIR under Sections 2 and 3 of the Uttar Pradesh Gangsters & Anti-Social Activities (Prevention) Act, 1986.…