Lal Chand Sharma v. State of Haryana and Anr

2023:oPHHC:o112007o 283o INoTHEoHIGHoCOURToOFoPUNJABoANDoHARYANAo AToCHANDIGARHo o CRM-MoNo.44830oofo2016o(O&M)o thReservedoon:o9 oAugust,o2023o ndDateoofodecision:o22 oAugust,o2023o LaloChandoSharmao …oPetitionero Versuso StateoofoHaryanao&oanothero …oRespondentso o CORAM:ooHON'BLEoMRS.oJUSTICEoMANJARIoNEHRUoKAULo o Present:o Mr.oR.S.oRai,oSenioroAdvocateowitho Mr.oFarhadoS.oKohli,oAdvocateoforotheopetitioner.o o o Mr.oRahuloMohan,oSr.oDy.oAdvocateoGeneral,oHaryanao forotheorespondent/State.o Mr.oKshitijoSharma,oAdvocateoalongowithoo Complainant/respondentoNo.2oinoperson.oo o MANJARIooNEHRUooKAUL,ooJ.o

1.k Theopetitionerohasoinvokedotheoinherentojurisdictionoofothiso Courto undero Sectiono 482o Cr.P.C.o foro quashingo ofo FIRo No.92o datedo

11.02.2015ounderoSectionso406,o420oIPCoregisteredoatoPoliceoStationo BallabgarhoCity,oDistrictoFaridabad.oo

2.ko Learnedo senioro counselo foro theo petitionero intero aliao contends:-o

(i)k Thatotheodisputeobetweenotheopartiesoisoessentiallyoofoaocivilo nature,oasoitopertainsotooanoAgreementotooSellowhichowaso enteredo intoo betweeno themo ono 19.08.2014o foro ao saleo considerationo ofo `o 3.35o crores.o Aso pero theo allegationso k 2k levelledoinotheoFIRo(AnnexureoP-1),oafteroreceiptoofo`o2.26o croresofromotheocomplainantopursuantotootheoAgreementotoo Sellodatedo19.08.2014,otheopetitionerohadorefusedotoogetotheo saleodeedoexecutedoinohisofavour.oo

(ii)k Thatoitoisonotoevenotheocaseoofotheocomplainantothatoheohado paidotheoentireosaleoconsiderationoagreedouponobetweenotheo parties.oRatherotheoprimeogrievanceoofotheocomplainantowaso thatoafteroreceiptoofopartopaymentoofotheosaleoconsideration,o theo petitionero hado failedo too performo hiso parto ofo theo agreement.oTherefore,oinotheocircumstances,oatobestotheocaseo ofotheocomplainantoagainstotheopetitionerocouldobeooneoofo subsequentobreachoofocontractoandonotoaocaseoofocheatingo underoSectiono420oIPC.o

(iii)k Thato'dishonestointention'oatotheofirstoinstance,owhichoisoano essentialoingredientotooconstituteootheooffenceoofocheating,oiso clearlyo missingo ino theo caseo ino hando aso thereo waso noo allegationo levelled,o eveno byo wayo ofo ao whisper,o thato theo petitionerohadoanyomalafidesotoocheatotheocomplainantoatotheo timeowhenotheoAgreementotooSelloinoquestion,owasoenteredo into.oStillofurther,onoodishonestointentionocouldobeoimputedo tootheopetitioneroasoitowasoaomatterooforecordothatoanoamounto ofo `o 76.00o lacso hado beeno returnedo byo himo too theo complainanto video RTGS,o whicho facto hado noto eveno beeno k 3k

(iv)k Thato theo lawo iso settledo ino theo saido regardo thato mereo subsequento breacho ofo contracto wouldo noto beo enougho too attractotheomischiefoofoanooffenceounderoSectiono420oIPC.o Theoremedyoavailableotootheopetitioneroinotheocircumstances,o wouldobeoonlyounderotheocivilolawoasoallotheoliabilitiesoando rightsoaccruingotootheopartiesounderotheoAgreementotooSello wouldobeowithinotheodomainoofotheoCiviloCourtotooadjudicateo upon,oasotoowhetherothereohadobeenoanyobreachoofocontracto andowhetherotheocomplainant/plaintiffowouldobeoentitledotooao decreeoofospecificoperformance.oItowasoaomatterooforecordo thatotheocomplainantohadoalreadyoavailedoofohisociviloremedyo byofilingoaosuitoforospecificoperformanceowhichohadobeeno decreedoinohisofavouroono31.01.2023.oEvenoaoreadingoofotheo prayeromadeobyotheocomplainantoinotheoFIRowasoforo"gettingo theo registryo executed",o whicho waso identicalo too theo reliefo whichohadoalreadyobeenoavailedoof,obyotheocomplainantoino theo civilo suit.o Thus,o ito waso clearo thato theo disputeo waso essentiallyociviloinonature,oandotheoFIRoinoquestionowasojusto aoployotooarmotwistotheopetitioneroandothus,oanoabuseoofotheo processoofolaw.o

(v)k Thato ito hado beeno allegedo thato theo petitionero aso pero theo Agreemento too Sell,o waso supposedo too clearo dueso towardso HUDAofromotheoamountoreceivedobyotheocomplainant,obut,o heo hado failedo too doo so.o Aso pero theo Agreemento too Sello k 4k (Annexureo P3),o thereo waso neithero anyo sucho conditiono stipulatedo thereino noro anyo materialo too substantiateo theo allegationsolevelledobyotheocomplainant.oo

(vi)k ThatofurtheroinotheoFIR,oneitherowereothereoanyoallegationso quaoclubbingonoroforgeryolevelled,oandotheyohadobeenoraisedo byo theo complainanto onlyo ino hiso reply.o Ino theo challano submittedobyotheopoliceo(AnnexureoP-2),oaocategoricofindingo hadobeenogivenobyotheoinvestigatingoagencyothatonoooffenceo undero Sectiono 467o IPCo waso madeo outo whicho stoodo corroboratedo byo theo reporto receivedo fromo theo Forensico Scienceo Laboratory.o Thereo waso noo shredo ofo evidenceo too showotheocommissionoofotheooffencesoallegedoandoitowaso thusoobviousothatotheocriminaloproceedings,owhichohadobeeno launchedo byo theo complainanto wereo ono theo faceo ofo it,o vexatious,oinstitutedoonlyowithoanoulterioromotive,otoowreako vengeanceouponotheopetitioner.ooo o

3.ko Perocontra,otheolearnedocounseloappearingoforoStateoassistedo byotheocomplainant/respondentohaveoprayedoforodismissaloofotheoinstanto petitionoinoviewoofotheoallegationsolevelled.oFurther,olearnedocounseloforo theocomplainant,owhileoopposingotheoprayeroandosubmissionsomadeobyo theolearnedoseniorocounsel,ocontends:o

(i)k Thatotheomalafidesoonotheopartoofotheopetitionerotoodeceiveo theo complainanto waso presento fromo theo veryo beginningo becauseo insteado ofo clearingo theo dueso ofo SCOo No.96,o ono k 5k whicho pretexto theo petitionero hado obtainedo `o 2.26o croreso fromotheocomplainant,oheohadoinsteadousedothatoamountotoo clearohisoduesotowardsoSCOoNo.95,owhichoshopowasoalsoo ownedobyotheopetitioner.oFurthermore,oaodeceptionohadobeeno playedobyotheopetitionerouponotheocomplainant,oatotheoveryo firsto instance,o aso heo dido noto eveno haveo theo authorityo too transfero theo SCOo ino questiono ono theo dateo wheno theo AgreementotooSellowasoenteredointooasoSCOoNos.95oando96o hadobeenoclubbedoandocouldonotohaveobeenosoldoseparately,o whicho facto waso intentionallyo concealedo fromo theo complainant.oo

(ii)k Thatoonotheotargetodate,owhenotheopetitionerogotohisopresenceo markedoinotheoTehsilooffice,oheodidonotohaveotheoauthorityotoo transferotheoSCOoinoquestionoonoaccountoofonon-clearanceo ofodues.oItowasothus,oclearothatobyomarkingohisopresenceoino theo Tehsilo office,o theo petitionero hado justo triedo too createo defenceoinohisofavour.oo

(iii)k ThatoinotheoAgreementotooSello(AnnexureoP-3),oitohadobeeno clearlyostipulatedothatothereowasonoolegalohindranceoinotheo saleoofotheopropertyoinoquestion,oandoitowasoobviousothatoito wasoaofalseoavermentomadeobyotheopetitioneroasothereoinofacto existedotwoolegaloimpedimentsoinotransferringotheoSCOoino question,owhichohadobeenoconcealedofromotheocomplainanto i.e.o(a)othatothoughotheoAgreementotooSellostipulatedothato k 6k petitionero wouldo clearo allo hiso dueso quao theo propertyo ino question,ohowever,oitohadonotobeenodoneobyotheopetitionero tillothisodayoando(b)othatotheoSCOsoNo.95oando96ohadobeeno clubbed,o andothusoSCOo No.95o couldonotohaveo beeno soldo withoutobeingode-clubbed.oo

(iv)k Thato theo criminalityo waso writo largeo ono theo parto ofo theo petitioneroasoduringotheopreliminaryoenquiry,opriorotootheo registrationo ofo theo FIRo ino question,o theo petitionero justo too wriggleooutoofohisoliabilityohadoproducedooneoAgreementotoo Sello datedo 19.08.2014o ofo ano amounto ofo `o 6.35o croreso claimingoitotoobeoanoAgreementotooSell,owhichohadobeeno enteredointoobetweenotheopartiesoandodenyingotheooneoono whicho theo complainanto waso placingo reliance.o Duringo theo preliminaryo enquiry,o ito waso foundothato theo Agreemento too Sello producedo byo theo petitionero waso forged.o Further,o ino orderotoostallotheoclaimoofotheocomplainant,otheopetitionero hado alsoo filedo ao civilo suito ono theo basiso ofo theo forgedo Agreemento too Sell,o whicho hado beeno dismissedo ono

31.01.2023obyotheoCiviloCourtoconcerned.oo

(v)k ThatoalbeitothereowereonooallegationsoinotheoFIRolevelledoquao theoclubbingoofotheoSCOsooroforgery,ohowever,otheseofactso cameo too lighto ando too theo noticeo ofo theo complainanto subsequento too theo registrationo ofo theo FIR.o Ino generalo parlance,o wheno ao persono iso deceived,o theo onlyo directo k 7k consequenceoofosuchodeceptionoisonon-performanceoofotheo contract,o ando theo reasonso foro theo non-performanceo couldo haveothus,ocomeotoolightoonlyoafteroinvestigationowasocarriedo out.oTheoFIRocouldonotobeoexpectedotoobeoanoencyclopaediao butoonlyoaostartingopointoofotheocriminaloproceedingsoandotheo complainantocouldonotohaveobeenoexpectedotoodiscloseoallo theofactsoinotheoFIR,owhichowereopreviouslyounknownotoo him.oo

(vi)k Thatofromotheoveryobeginning,oonoaccountoofotheoinfluenceo wieldedobyotheopetitioner,otheopoliceohadointentionallyobeeno dilutingo theo allegationso levelledo byo theo complainant,o foro whichoreason,otheocomplainantowasoleftowithonoootherooptiono butotooapproachothisoCourtowhicholedotootheoconstitutionoofoao SpecialoInvestigationoTeamo(SIT).oo

(vii)k Thato thougho theo policeo filedo challano withouto addingo offenceso undero Sectiono 467/468o etc.o IPCo however,o theo complainanto theno movedo thiso Courto againsto theo same,o wherebyolibertyowasogivenotoohimotooraiseoallopleasoquaotheo additionoofooffencesounderoSectionso467/468oetc.oIPCobeforeo theotrialoCourt.oWhileotheocomplainantowasoinotheoprocessoofo raisingoallohisopleasobeforeotheotrialoCourtoandotheocaseowaso fixedo foro considerationo ofo charge,o theo petitionero intentionallyo approachedo thiso Courto ando aso ao resulto ofo which,otheoproceedingsobeforeotheotrialoCourtowereostayedo k 8k videoorderodatedo12.01.2017opassedobyothisoHon'bleoHigho Court.o

(viii)k Thato thougho theo complainanto hado availedo ofo hiso civilo remedy,ohowever,oitowasoaomatterooforecordothatotheoFIRohado beenoregisteredoono11.03.2015oi.e.oprioroinotimeotootheofilingo ofotheocivilosuitodatedo06.03.2017.oAsoperotheosettledolaw,o thereo waso noo baro too theo complainanto pursuingo botho hiso criminaloandociviloremediesosimultaneously.oo

(ix)k ThatounderoSectiono482oCr.P.C.oonceomultipleoquestionsoofo facto wereo raised,o coupledo witho theo challano havingo beeno presented,o theo FIRo ino questiono couldo noto beo quashedo withoutodisputedoquestionsoofofactobeingoputotootrial.oo

4.k Iohaveoheardolearnedocounseloforotheopartiesoandoperusedotheo relevantomaterialoonorecord.o

5.k Theopetitionerohasoinvokedotheoinherentojurisdictionoofothiso Courto undero Sectiono 482o Cr.P.C.o foro quashingo ofo FIR.o Beforeo proceedingofurther,oitowouldobeorelevantotooreferotootheoparametersolaido downobyoHon'bleotheoSupremeoCourtoino'StateoofoHaryanaoandootherso v.oCh.BhajanoLaloandoothers'o1992oAIRoSCo604,owhileoadjudicatingo uponoaoprayeroforoquashingoofoanoFIR:o

(1)o Whereo theo allegationso madeo ino theo Firsto Informationo Reportoorotheocomplaint,oevenoifotheyoareotakenoatotheiro faceovalueoandoacceptedoinotheiroentiretyodoonotoprimao k 9k facieoconstituteoanyooffenceooromakeooutoaocaseoagainsto theoaccused;oo

(2)oo WhereotheoallegationsoinotheoFirstoInformationoReportoando othero materials,o ifo any,o accompanyingo theo F.I.R.o doo noto discloseoaocognizableooffence,ojustifyingoanoinvestigationobyo policeo officerso undero Sectiono 156(1)o ofo theo Codeo excepto undero ano ordero ofo ao Magistrateo withino theo purviewo ofo Sectiono155(2)oofotheoCode;oo

(3)oo WhereotheouncontrovertedoallegationsomadeoinotheoFIRo orocomplaintoandotheoevidenceocollectedoinosupportoofo theosameodoonotodiscloseotheocommissionoofoanyooffenceo andomakeooutoaocaseoagainstotheoaccused;oo

(4)oo Whereo theo allegationso ino theo FIRo doo noto constituteo ao cognizableo offenceo buto constituteo onlyo ao non-cognizableo offence,onooinvestigationoisopermittedobyoaopoliceoofficero withouto ano ordero ofo ao Magistrateo aso contemplatedo undero Sectiono155(2)oofotheoCode;oo

(5)oo WhereotheoallegationsomadeoinotheoFIRoorocomplaintoareosoo absurdoandoinherentlyoimprobableoonotheobasisoofowhichonoo prudentopersonocanoeveroreachoaojustoconclusionothatothereoiso sufficientogroundoforoproceedingoagainstotheoaccused;oo

(6)oo Whereothereoisoanoexpressolegalobaroengraftedoinoanyoofotheo provisionsoofotheoCodeoorotheoconcernedoActo(underowhichoao criminalo proceedingo iso instituted)o too theo institutiono ando k 10k continuanceo ofo theo proceedingso and/oro whereo thereo iso ao specifico provisiono ino theo Codeo oro theo concernedo Act,o providingo efficaciouso redresso foro theo grievanceo ofo theo aggrievedoparty;oo

(7)o Whereo ao criminalo proceedingo iso manifestlyo attendedo witho malao fideo and/oro whereo theo proceedingo iso maliciouslyo institutedo witho ano ulterioro motiveo foro wreakingovengeanceoonotheoaccusedoandowithoaoviewotoo spiteohimodueotooprivateoandopersonalogrudge.o o

6.ko Advertingotootheocaseoinohand,otheoallegationsolevelledoinotheo FIRo(annexedoasoAnnexureoP-1)oareoasofollows:o "To,oDistrictoPoliceoCommissioneroSir,oSectoroNo.21o C,oFaridabad,oSubject:oApplicationoregardingoinitiationoofo appropriateoactionoagainstotheoaccusedoforocommissionoofo cheatingo byo receivingo amounto fraudulentlyo respecto ofo S.C.O.o No.95,o Shoppingo Centre,o Sectoro No.2,o Faridabado ando noto executingo registeredo deedo thereof.o Sir,o theo applicanto hado enteredo intoo ano agreemento too sello foro purchaseoofooneoS.C.O.oNo.96oareao137.5oSquareoMeter,oao shoppingo Centreo situatedo atoSectoro No.2o Faridabado witho theoselleroLaloChandoSharmaos/ooSh.oB.D.oSharmaoResidento ofo Houseo No.21,o Sectoro No.31,o Faridabado ino writingo ono

19.08.2014oinopresenceoofowitnessesoandoaboveonamedoLalo ChandooSharmaoreceivedotheoamountofromomeoinoconcernoofo aboveomentionedoproperty,owhichowasoreceivedobyosayingo thatoIohaveotooclearohugeoduesotooHUDAoDepartment,oprioro tooexecutionoofoRegisteredoSaleoDeedoIoshalloclearoallotheo k 11k duesotootheoconcernedoandoIoshallotransferoaboveomentionedo propertyo ino youro nameo aso clearo titleo condition.o Sir,o theo aboveonamedosellerohasonotodoneothisoasooneodateoandoIo haveokeptoonorequestingohimoonorepeatedooccasionsotoogeto theo registeredo saleo deedo executedo ino myo nameo ando accordingo too aboveo mentionedo agreement,o lasto dateo foro executionooforegisteredosaleodeedohasoalsooelapsed.oKeepingo ino viewo theo lasto dateo ofo saleo deed,o Io hado servedo ao legalo noticeotootheoaboveonamedoaccusedobutoheohasonotorepliedo backo tillo dateo intentionally.o Siro Io haveo requestedo ono repeatedooccasionsoforogettingotheoregistryoexecutedoinomyo favouro ando finallyo weo contactedo himo ono 10.11.2014o ando askedohimotoogetotheoregistryoexecutedouponowhichoheoflatlyo refusedoforogettingotheoregistryoexecutedoandothreatenedoando saidodoowhateveroyouowantotooandowhatoyouocanodoonowoando withoyouromoneyoIoshallomanageoeverythingoinomyofavour,o everythingoisosaleableoinoGovernmentoOffices,owhereveroyouo shallogooagainstome,oIoshallouseotheomoneyoandoshallonoto executeotheoRegistryoinoyourofavouroatoall.oItoisotherefore,o respectfullyoprayedobeforeoyourogoodselfothatotheoregistryoino respecto ofo aboveo mentionedo propertyo mayo kindlyo beo arrangedotoobeoexecutedoinomyofavour,oinotheoeventualityoofo noto beingo so,o fraudo ando breacho ofo trusto caseo mayo beo registeredoagainstotheoaccusedopersonosoothatootheropeopleo mayoalsoogetolessonooutoofoit.oNoteoforopurchaseoofoaboveo mentionedopropertyofromoaboveonamedoaccusedoperson,otillo dateoIohaveoincurredosumoofo`o2,26,00,000/-oRupeesoTwoo Croreo Twentyo Sixo Lacso only.o Copieso ofo Agreemento ando noticeoareoannexedoherewith.oIoshallobeogratefulotooyou."oo o k 12k

7.ko TheoFIRoinoquestionowasoregisteredoono11.02.2015.oInitially,o aftero investigationo waso carriedo outo byo theo investigatingo agency,o ao cancellationoreportowasopreparedobyotheopolice,oaggrievedobyowhichotheo complainanto approachedo thiso Court.o Subsequently,o ao Specialo Investigationo Teamo (SIT)o waso formedo byo theo policeo ando challano (Annexureo P-2)o waso presentedo undero Sectionso 420,o 406o IPC.o Whileo recordingohisostatementounderoSectiono161oCr.P.C.,otheocomplainantohado alsooallegedoasounder:o

(i)k Thato theo petitionero hado demandedo moneyo fromo theo complainantotooclearotheoduesoofoSCOoNo.95,opursuantotoo whicho `o 50.00o lacso hado beeno paido too himo ono threeo occasions,oi.e.oono20.08.2014,o21.08.2014oando25.08.2014.oo

(ii)k Thatoono25.08.2014,oafterotheopetitionerotooko`o50.00olacso fromo theo complainant,o heo demandedo moreo money.o Wheno theocomplainantoenquiredoasotoowhetheroduesoofoHUDAohado beenoclearedobyotheopetitioner,oheowasotoldobyotheolatterothato neithero wouldo heo giveo theo SCOo ino questiono too theo complainantonororeturnohisomoney.oThereafter,oseeingotheo conductoofotheopetitioner,oaodoubtocreptoupoinotheomindoofo theocomplainantoandoonomakingofurtheroenquiriesofromotheo HUDAo office,o heo learnto thato theo petitioner,o insteado ofo clearingo dueso ofo shopo ino questiono i.e.o SCOo No.96,o hado depositedotheoamountotooclearoduesoofoSCOoNo.95,owhicho wasoalsooownedobyohim.oTheocomplainantothus,oallegedothato k 13k theopetitionerohadofraudulentlyoobtainedomoneyofromohimo onotheopretextoofoclearingoduesoofoSCOoNo.96.oo

(iii)k Thato ono 01.10.2014o i.e.o theo targeto date,o theo complainanto alongowithobalanceosaleoconsiderationowentotootheoTehsilo Officeo too geto theo saleo deedo executed,o however,o theo petitionerofailedotooturnoup.oo

(iv)k Afteroregistrationoofotheocase,owhenotheopartiesowereocalledo byotheopolice,otheopetitionerodepositedo`o75.00olacsoinotheo bankoaccountoofotheocomplainant,othroughoRTGS.oo

(v)k Ono12.12.2014,otheopetitioneroissuedoaolegalonoticeotootheo complainanto whereino heo attachedo ao forgedo Agreemento too Selloofo`o6.35ocroresoquaotheoSCOoinoquestion.oTheoforgedo AgreementotooSellowasonotoevenoattestedobyoanyowitness.oo

(vi)k Theopetitioner,owhileoinstitutingotheocivilosuitoagainstotheo complainant,omadeoaofalseoavermentothatoheohadoreturnedo`o

1.50ocroresotootheocomplainant.oo

8.ko Forofacilityooforeference,oitowouldobeoappositeotooreproduceo theo provisionso ofo Sectiono 420o IPC,o whicho readso aso thus,o sinceo theo petitionero haso beeno challanedo foro commissiono ofo offenceso undero Sectionso420oando406oIPC.oo "420.oCheatingoandodishonestlyoinducingodeliveryoofopropertyoo o o Whoeverocheatsoandotherebyodishonestlyoinducesotheo personodeceivedotoodeliveroanyopropertyotooanyoperson,ooro too make,o altero oro destroyo theo wholeo oro anyo parto ofo ao valuableosecurity,ooroanythingowhichoisosignedoorosealed,o k 14k andowhichoisocapableoofobeingoconvertedointooaovaluableo security,o shallo beo punishedo witho imprisonmento ofo eithero descriptionoforoaotermowhichomayoextendotoosevenoyears,o andoshalloalsoobeoliableotoofine."o o

9.kAoperusaloofotheoaboveoreproducedoprovisionsoofoSectiono420oIPCo revealo thato theo necessaryo ingredientso too attracto theo mischiefo ofo ano offenceopunishableounderoSectiono420oIPCoare:oo

(i)k Thatothereomustobeodeceptionoonotheopartoofotheoaccusedotoo cheatotheocomplainant.o

(ii)k Thato theo persono soo cheatedo musto haveo beeno dishonestlyo inducedo too delivero someo property,o oro too make,o altero oro destroyotheowholeooroanyopartoofoaovaluableosecurity.o

10.k Theomostocrucialoingredientotooattractotheomischiefoofoano offenceounderoSectiono420oIPCoisomensorea,oi.e.otheointentionotoodeceive,o whicho musto beo presento ando discernibleo ato theo veryo inceptiono ofo theo transaction,oquaowhichocheatingohasobeenoalleged.oo

11.k Duringotheocourseoofoarguments,oitowasosubmittedoonobehalfo ofotheocomplainantothatotheofactumoofooutstandingoduesoquaoSCOoNo.96o towardso HUDAo hado beeno concealedo fromo himo ando ito waso onlyo subsequentlyo theo complainanto learnto abouto theo sameo wheno heo madeo enquiriesoinotheoofficeoofoHUDA.oHowever,oinotheosameobreath,otheo complainanto tooko ao self-contradictoryo stando byo contendingo thato theo petitionerohadoreceivedoanoamountoofo`o2.26ocroresofromohimoonotheo pretextoofoclearingotheooutstandingoduesoofoSCOoNo.96,otowardsoHUDAo k 15k butotheopetitionerohadoinsteadoclearedoduesoofoSCOoNo.95.oItoisothus,o evidentothatotheocomplainantohasobeenotryingotooblowohotoandocoldoinotheo sameobreath,owhichocanocertainlyonotobeopermitted.oAoperusaloofotheo allegationsolevelledoinotheoFIRoclearlyorevealsothatotheocomplainantowaso welloawareoaboutotheoduesoowedobyotheopetitionerotooHUDAoquaoSCOo No.96,o aso heo hado agreedo too advanceo theo amounto ino questiono too theo petitioneroonlyoforoclearingothoseodues.oStillofurther,oitoalsooneedsotoobeo noticedothatothereowasonoosuchoconditionostipulatedoinotheoAgreementotoo Sell,othatotheomoneyoreceivedobyotheopetitionerowasoforoclearanceoofo dueso towardso HUDA,o ino respecto ofo SCOo No.96.o Eveno ifo oneo goeso througho theo allegationso levelledo byo theo complainanto ino theo FIRo ino questiono ando hiso statemento recordedo undero Sectiono 161o Cr.P.C.,o theo petitionerohadoundertakenotooclearotheoduesotowardsotheoSCOoinoquestiono i.e.o SCOo No.96,o beforeo theo targeto date.o However,o someo disputeo hado ariseno betweeno theo partieso ono 25.08.2014,o thato iso mucho prioro too theo targetodate,odueotoowhichoneitherotheobalanceosaleoconsiderationowaso paidonorotheosaleodeedoexecuted.oo

12.k Thoughotheocomplainantoarguedothatotheofactumoofoclubbingo ofotheoSCOsohadobeenowithheldofromohimobyotheopetitioner,ohowever,onoo allegationoquaotheoclubbingoofotheoSCOsowasomentionedoinotheoFIRoino questionooroevenoinotheostatementoofotheocomplainantorecorded,oundero Sectiono161oCr.P.C.oItowouldonotobeooutoofocontextotooobserveohereothato akinotootheoclearanceoofotheodues,oclubbingoofotheoSCOsocouldonotobeo termedoasoaopermanentoimpedimentoonotheosaleoofotheoSCOoinoquestion,o k 16k asotheoclubbedoSCOsocouldohaveostillobeenode-clubbedobyomovingoano applicationoinotheosaidoregard.oFurthermore,oasoperotheoargumentsoraisedo byotheocomplainantohimself,oinotheocivilosuitoinstitutedobyotheopetitionero forocancellationoofotheoAgreementotooSelloinoquestionodatedo19.08.2014,o theopetitionerohadomovedoanoapplicationoforode-clubbingoofotheoSCOsoino questiono ono 20.08.2014,o i.e.o theo veryo nexto dayo ofo enteringo intoo theo AgreementotooSell,owhichohowever,ohadobeenosubsequentlyowithdrawno byohim,oonotheopretextothatotheodealostoodocancelled.oHadothereobeenoanyo intentionoonotheopartoofotheopetitionerotoodeceiveotheocomplainant,othereo wouldo haveo beeno noo needo foro himo too moveo ano applicationo foro de-clubbingotheoSCOsoinoquestion.oo

13.k Stillo further,o ao perusalo ofo theo complainant'so statemento recordedounderoSectiono161oCr.P.C.orevealsothatotheodisputeohadoariseno betweenotheopartiesoono25.08.2014,othatoisomuchopriorotootheotargetodate,o onoaccountoofotheorefusalobyotheocomplainantotooaccedeotootheodemandso ofotheopetitioneroforofurtheropaymentotowardsosaleoconsideration,oasotheo complainanto claimedo too haveo comeo too knowo thato theo petitionero hado clearedoduesoofoSCOoNo.95oinsteadoofoSCOoNo.96,ooutoofotheomoneyo whichoheohadoreceivedofromohim.oDueotootheonon-paymentooforemainingo saleoconsideration,otheopetitioneroinoturnorefusedotoogetotheosaleodeedo executed.oo

14.k Thus,o ito iso abundantlyo clearo fromo theo aboveo sequenceo ofo eventsothatoatobest,otheocaseoputoforthobyotheocomplainantoisooneoofoao subsequentobreachoofocontractoandonotooneoofocheating,oasotheointentiono k 17k toodeceiveoatotheofirstoinstanceoi.e.oatotheoinceptionoofotheotransaction,oiso clearlyo amisso ino theo caseo ino hand.o Ito iso settledo lawo thato subsequento conductoofotheoaccusedoaloneocannotodetermineohisoliability,omoreoso,o whenothereoisoneitheroanyoallegationoinotheoFIRonoroanyomaterialotooshowo anyomalafidesoonotheopartoofotheopetitionerowhenoheoenteredointootheo AgreementotooSellowithotheocomplainant.oo

15.k Itowouldobeoappositeotooobserveohereothatothereoisoaomarkedo distinctionobetweeno'subsequentobreachoofocontract'oando'anooffenceoofo cheating'.o Mereo subsequento breacho ofo contracto wouldo noto attracto criminaloliabilityounderoSectiono420oIPCoandotheoonlyorecourseoavailableo tootheoaggrievedopartyowouldobeotooapproachotheoCiviloCourt,owhichoino theocaseoinohand,ohasoalreadyobeenoavailedoofobyotheocomplainant.oo

16.k Ino 'Hridayao Rangano Pd.o Vermao vs.o Stateo ofo Bihar'o

(2000)o 4o SCCo 168,o Hon'bleo theo Supremeo Courto haso drawno ao clearo distinctionobetweenoanooffenceounderoSectiono420oIPCoandosubsequento breacho ofo contract.o Theo relevanto observationso ofo theo Hon'bleo Apexo Courtoareoextractedoasofollows:oo o o "15.oOnoaoreadingoofotheosectionoitoisomanifestothatoino theodefinitionothereoareosetoforthotwooseparateoclassesoofo actsowhichotheopersonodeceivedomayobeoinducedotoodo.oinotheo firstoplaceoheomayobeoinducedofraudulentlyoorodishonestlyotoo delivero anyo propertyo too anyo person.oTheo secondo classo ofo actsosetoforthoinotheosectionoisotheodoingooroomittingotoodoo anythingowhichotheopersonodeceivedowouldonotodoooroomitotoo dooifoheowereonotosoodeceived.oInotheofirstoclassoofocasesotheo inducingo musto beo fraudulento oro dishonest.o Ino theo secondo k 18k classo ofo acts,o theo inducingo musto beo intentionalo buto noto fraudulentoorodishonest.o o o 16.oInodeterminingotheoquestionoitohasotoobeokeptoino mindothatotheodistinctionobetweenomereobreachoofocontracto andotheooffenceoofocheatingoisoaofineoone.oItodependsoupono theointentionoofotheoaccusedoatotheotimeoofoinducementowhicho mayo beo judgedo byo hiso subsequento conducto buto foro thiso subsequento conducto iso noto theo soleo test.o Mereo breacho ofo contracto cannoto giveo riseo too criminalo prosecutiono foro cheatingounlessofraudulentoorodishonestointentionoisoshowno rightoatotheobeginningoofotheotransaction,othatoisotheotimeo whenotheooffenceoisosaidotoohaveobeenocommitted.oThereforeo itoisotheointentionowhichoisotheogistoofotheooffence.oTooholdoao personoguiltyoofocheatingoitoisonecessaryotooshowothatoheohado fraudulentoorodishonestointentionoatotheotimeoofomakingotheo promise.o Fromo hiso mereo failureo too keepo upo promiseo subsequentlyo sucho ao culpableo intentiono righto ato theo beginningo thato is,o wheno heo madeo theo promiseo cannoto beo presumed.o o o 17.oJudgedoonotheotouchstoneoofotheoprinciplesonotedo above,otheopresentocase,oinoouroconsideredoviewowarrantso interferenceoinasmuchoasotheoingredientsoofotheooffenceoofo cheatingopunishableounderoSectiono420oIndianoPenaloCodeo andoitsoalliedooffencesounderoSectionso418oando423ohasonoto beenomadeoout.oSoofaroasotheooffencesounderoSectionso469,o 504oando120-Boareoconcernedoevenotheobasicoallegationso makingo outo ao caseo thereundero areo noto containedo ino theo complaint.oThatobeingotheopositionotheocaseocomesowithino theofirstocategoryoofocasesoenumeratedoinoStateoofoHaryanao ando otherso v.o Bhajano Lalo ando others,o 1991(1)o RCRo k 19k (Criminal)o383o(supra)oandoasosuchowarrantsointerferenceo byotheoCourt.oReadingotheoavermentsoinotheocomplaintoino entiretyo ando acceptingo theo allegationso too beo true,o theo ingredientso ofo intentionalo deceptiono ono theo parto ofo theo accusedorightoatotheobeginningoofotheonegotiationsoforotheo transactionohasoneitherobeenoexpresslyostatedonoroindirectlyo suggestedoinotheocomplaint.oAllothatotheorespondentoNo.o2o haso allegedo againsto theo appellantso iso thato theyo dido noto discloseo too himo thato oneo ofo theiro brotherso hado filedo ao partitionosuitowhichowasopending.oTheorequirementothatotheo informationo waso noto disclosedo byo theo appellantso intentionallyoinoorderotoomakeotheorespondentoNo.o2oparto withopropertyoisonotoallegedoexpresslyooroevenoimpliedlyoino theo complaint.o Thereforeo theo coreo postulateo ofo dishonesto intentionoinoorderotoodeceiveotheocomplainant-respondento No.o2oisonotomadeooutoevenoacceptingoallotheoavermentsoino theo complainto ono theiro faceo value.o Ino sucho ao situationo continuingo theo criminalo proceedingo againsto theo accusedo willobe,oinoouroconsideredoview,oanoabuseoofoprocessoofotheo Court.oTheoHighoCourtowasonotorightoinodecliningotooquasho theocomplaintoandotheoproceedingoinitiatedoonotheobasisoofo theosame."o o

17.k Hon'bleotheoSupremeoCourtoino'Kuntiovs.oStateoofoUttaro Pradesh'o2023o(6)oSCCo109,owhileodealingowithofactsowhichoareoquiteo similarotootheofactsoofotheoinstantocase,oheldoasounder:oo o o "9.oHowever,oweodoonotofindotheoneedotooengageowitho theogroundsoasourged,obecauseoaoperusaloofotheorecordoinonoo uncertaino termso reflectso theo disputeo aso beingo ofo ao civilo k 20k nature.o Thiso courto recently,o inoSarabjito Kauro v.o Stateo ofo PunjaboandoAnr.o2023oSCCoOnLineo210,oobservedothato"Ao breacho ofo contracto doeso noto giveo riseo too criminalo prosecutiono foro cheatingo unlesso fraudulento oro dishonesto intentionoisoshownorightoatotheobeginningoofotheotransaction.o Merelyoonotheoallegationoofofailureotookeepoupopromiseowillo notobeoenoughotooinitiateocriminaloproceedings."o o o 10.o Ao two-judgeo bencho ofo thiso Courto inoARCIo v.o Nimrao Cerglasso Technicso (P)o Ltd.o (2016)o 1o SCCo 348,o whileo deliberatingo upono theo differenceo betweeno mereo breachoofocontractoandotheooffenceoofocheating,oobservedo thato theo distinctiono dependso upono theo intentiono ofo theo accusedo ato theo timeo ofo theo allegedo incident.o Ifo dishonesto intentionoonopartoofotheoaccusedocanobeoestablishedoatotheoofo timeoofoenteringointootheotransactionowithotheocomplainant,o thenocriminaloliabilityowouldobeoattached.o o o 11.oInoVijayoKumaroGhaiov.oStateoofoW.Bo(2022)o7o SCCo 124,o oneo ofo us,o (Krishnao Murario J.,)o observedo ino referenceotooearlierodecisionsoasounder:o o o "24.oThisoCourtoinoG.oSagaroSuriov.oStateo ofoU.P.o[G.oSagaroSuriov.oStateoofoU.P.,o(2000)o 2o SCCo 636o :o 2000o SCCo (Cri)o 513]oobservedo thatoitoisotheodutyoandoobligationoofotheocriminalo courto too exerciseo ao greato dealo ofo cautiono ino issuingotheoprocess,oparticularlyowhenomatterso areoessentiallyoofocivilonature.o o o 25.o Thiso Courto haso timeo ando againo cautionedo abouto convertingo purelyo civilo disputeso intoo criminalo cases.o Thiso Courto inoIndiano Oilo Corpn.o [Indiano Oilo Corpn.o v.o k 21k NEPCoIndiaoLtd.,o(2006)o6oSCCo736o:o(2006)o3o SCCo (Cri)o 188]onoticedo theo prevalento impressiono thato civilo lawo remedieso areo timeo consumingoandodoonotoadequatelyoprotectotheo interestsoofolenders/creditors.oTheoCourtofurthero observedo thato :o (Indiano Oilo Corpn.o Caseo [IndianoOiloCorpn.ov.oNEPCoIndiaoLtd.,o(2006)o 6oSCCo736o:o(2006)o3oSCCo(Cri)o188],oSCCop.o 749,oparao13)o o o "13.o...oAnyoeffortotoosettleocivilodisputeso andoclaims,owhichodoonotoinvolveoanyocriminalo offence,obyoapplyingopressureothroughocriminalo prosecutiono shouldo beo deprecatedo ando discouraged."o o o 12.o Havingo regardo too theo aboveo well-establishedo principleso ando alsoo notingo thato theo presento disputeo iso entirelyo witho respecto too propertyo ando moreo particularlyo buyingo ando sellingo thereof,o ito cannoto beo doubtedo thato ao criminalohueohasobeenounjustifiablyolentotooaocivilonaturedo issue."o o

18.k Therefore,oinotheolightoofotheoaboveodiscussion,othisoCourto hasonoohesitationoinoholdingothatoanooffenceopunishableounderoSectiono 420oIPCocannotobeosaidotoobeomadeooutoagainstotheopetitioner.oo

19.k Aparto fromo theo allegedo commissiono ofo offenceo undero Sectiono420oIPC,ochallanohasoalsoobeenopresentedoagainstotheopetitionero forooffenceounderoSectiono406oIPC.oo k 22k o Sectiono405oIPCodefinesooffenceoofo'breachoofotrust'owhicho isoreproducedoasounder:oo "405.oCriminalobreachoofotrusto Whoever,o beingo ino anyo mannero entrustedo witho property,oorowithoanyodominionooveroproperty,odishonestlyo misappropriatesooroconvertsotoohisoownouseothatoproperty,o orodishonestlyousesoorodisposesoofothatopropertyoinoviolationo ofoanyodirectionoofolawoprescribingotheomodeoinowhichosucho trustoisotoobeodischarged,ooroofoanyolegalocontract,oexpresso oroimplied,owhichoheohasomadeotouchingotheodischargeoofo suchotrust,oorowillfullyosuffersoanyootheropersonosootoodo,o commitso"criminalobreachoofotrust"."o o

20.k Ao minuteo readingo ofo theo aboveo extractedo provisionso ofo Sectiono405oIPColeavesonoomanneroofodoubtothatotheobasicoingrediento necessaryotooconstituteoanooffenceopunishableounderoSectiono405oIPCo wouldo beo entrustmento ofo property.o However,o ino theo instanto case,o ao perusaloofotheoallegationsolevelledoinotheoFIRorevealsothatoneitheroisothereo anyo allegationo noro anyo materialo too showo anyo entrustmento ofo anyo propertyo byo theo complainanto too theo petitioner.o Hence,o noo offenceo punishableo undero Sectiono 406o IPCo iso alsoo madeo outo againsto theo petitioner.oo

21.k Theo complainanto haso alsoo raisedo ano argumento thato aparto fromocommissionoofooffenceounderoSectionso406/420oIPC,otheopetitionero hado committedo offenceo ofo forgery,o aso heo hado producedo ao forgedo AgreementotooSell,odatedo19.08.2014,oforoaosumoofo`o6.35ocrores,owhicho k 23k wasoinofactoneveroenteredointo,obetweenotheoparties.oToosubstantiateohiso arguments,o theo complainanto haso placedo relianceo ono theo preliminaryo enquiryoconductedobyotheopoliceopriorotootheoregistrationoofotheoFIRoino question.oo

22.k Itoneedsotoobeoreiteratedothatowhenoao prayeroisomadeoforo quashingoofoanoFIRoandosubsequentoproceedingsoarisingotherefrom,othiso Courto ino theo exerciseo ofo itso inherento jurisdictiono undero Sectiono 482o Cr.P.C.,ohasotoorestrictoitselfotootheoallegationsocontainedoinotheoFIRoando theofinaloreport/challanopresentedobyotheopoliceounderoSectiono173(2)o Cr.P.C.oasoallotheomaterialocollectedoduringoinvestigationowouldoformo partoofotheosaidochallan.oThisoCourt,oinotheoinstantocase,ocannototakeointoo accounto theo preliminaryo enquiry,o carriedo outo byo theo police,o aso admittedlyoitoisonotoaopartoofotheopoliceoreport.oMoreover,oaoperusaloofo theopoliceoreportopresentedounderoSectiono173(2)oCr.P.C.orevealsothatonoo substanceowasofoundoquaotheooffencesoallegedounderoSectiono467/468o IPC.o Stillo further,o neithero theo originalo Agreemento too Sell,o whicho allegedlyowasoaoforgedodocument,owasoeverotakenointoopossessionobyotheo policeoduringoinvestigation,onoroanyoreportofromotheoForensicoScienceo Laboratoryo(FSL)owasoreceivedoquaotheosame.oInotheocircumstances,othiso Courtodoesonotofindoanyomeritoinotheocontentionsoofotheocomplainantoquao theoallegationsoofoforgeryolevelledoagainstotheopetitioner.ooo

23.k Stillo further,o ino theo presento case,o ao perusalo ofo theo FIRo revealso thato theo primaryo prayero madeo byo theo complainanto waso foro gettingotheosaleodeedoexecutedowhichoadmittedlyowasoidenticalotootheo k 24k prayeromadeoinotheoCiviloSuitoinstitutedobyohimoagainstotheopetitioner.oIno addition,o ano alternateo prayero waso alsoo madeo byo theo complainanto too registeroanoFIRoagainstotheopetitionero"soothatootheropeopleomayoalsoogeto aolessonooutoofoit".oItowouldobeopertinentotoonoticeothatoitoisoaomatteroofo recordothatopriorotootheoregistrationoofotheoFIRoinoquestion,otheopetitionero returnedo`o76.00olacsotootheorespondentothroughoRTGSoandowasoalsoo willingo too returno theo remainingo amount.o However,o ito waso theo complainantohimself,owhoorefusedotooacceptotheoofferobyostatingothato sinceoheohadoinstitutedoaocomplaint,oheowouldotakeorecourseotoohisolegalo remedyoagainstotheopetitioner.oo

24.k Inotheowakeoofotheoaboveodiscussion,oitodoesoappearothatotheo FIRoinoquestionomayohaveobeenolodgedowithoanoulterioromotiveotoogiveoao criminalocolourotooaodisputeowhichoclearlyocomesoacrossoasobeingoofoao civilonature.oo o Itowouldobeorelevantotooreferotootheoobservationsomadeobyo theoHon'bleoApexoCourtoino'MahmoodoAliovs.oStateoofoUP'o2023oLiveo Lawo(SC)o613,owhereinoitowasoheldoasounder:oo o o "12.o Ato thiso stage,o weo wouldo likeo too observeo somethingoimportant.oWheneveroanoaccusedocomesobeforeo theo Courto invokingo eithero theo inherento powerso undero sectiono482oofo theo Codeo ofo Criminalo Procedure,o 1973o

(CrPC)ooroextraordinaryojurisdictionounderoArticleo226oofo theoConstitutionotoogetotheoFIRoorotheocriminaloproceedingso quashedoessentiallyoonotheogroundothatosuchoproceedingso areomanifestlyofrivolousoorovexatiousooroinstitutedowithotheo ulterioro motiveo foro wreakingo vengeance,o theno ino sucho k 25k circumstancesotheoCourtoowesoaodutyotoolookointootheoFIRo withocareoandoaolittleomoreoclosely.oWeosayosoobecauseoonceo theo complainanto decideso too proceedo againsto theo accusedo withoanoulterioromotiveoforowreakingopersonalovengeance,o etc.,othenoheowouldoensureothatotheoFIR/complaintoisoveryo wello draftedo witho allo theo necessaryo pleadings.o Theo complainantowouldoensureothatotheoavermentsomadeoinotheo FIR/complainto areo sucho thato theyo discloseo theo necessaryo ingredientsotooconstituteotheoallegedooffence.oTherefore,oito willo noto beo justo enougho foro theo Courto too looko intoo theo avermentsomadeoinotheoFIR/complaintoaloneoforotheopurposeo ofo ascertainingo whethero theo necessaryo ingredientso too constituteo theo allegedo offenceo areo disclosedo oro not.o Ino frivolousoorovexatiousoproceedings,otheoCourtoowesoaodutyo toolookointoomanyootheroattendingocircumstancesoemergingo fromotheorecordoofotheocaseooveroandoaboveotheoavermentso and,oifoneedobe,owithodueocareoandocircumspectionotryotoo readoinobetweenotheolines.oTheoCourtowhileoexercisingoitso jurisdictionounderosectiono482oofotheoCrPC,o1973ooroArticleo 226oofotheoConstitutiononeedonotorestrictoitselfoonlyotootheo stageoofoaocaseobutoisoempoweredotootakeointooaccountotheo overallocircumstancesoleadingotootheoinitiation/registrationo ofotheocaseoasowelloasotheomaterialsocollectedoinotheocourseo ofo investigation.o Takeo foro instanceo theo caseo ono hand.o MultipleoFIRsohaveobeenoregisteredooveroaoperiodoofotime.oIto isoinotheobackgroundoofosuchocircumstancesotheoregistrationo ofo multipleo FIRso assumeso importance,o therebyo attractingo theoissueoofowreakingovengeanceooutoofoprivateooropersonalo grudgeoasoalleged."o k 26k

25.k TheoHon'bleoSupremeoCourt,oinoaocatenaoofojudgments,ohaso observedothatoanyoeffortotoosettleoaocivilodisputeobyoexertingopressureo througho criminalo prosecutiono shouldo beo discouragedo ando deprecated.o Sectiono482oCr.P.C.owasoenactedotooensureothatocriminaloproceedingso shouldonotobeogeneratedointooweaponsoofoharassmentoasowasoheldobyotheo Hon'bleoSupremeoCourtoino'KapiloAggarwalovs.oSanjayoSharmao&o others'o2021o(2)oRCRo(Criminal)o238.ooo o o Itowouldoalsoobeoappositeotooreferotootheoobservationsomadeo byo Hon'bleo theo Supremeo Court,o ino 'Paramjeeto Batrao vs.o Stateo ofo Uttrakhand'o(2013)o11oSCCo673owhereinoitowasoheldoasothus:o o "7.o Whileo exercisingo itso jurisdictiono undero Sectiono 482oofotheoCodeotheoHighoCourtohasotoobeocautious.oThiso poweroisotoobeousedosparinglyoandoonlyoforotheopurposeoofo preventingoabuseoofotheoprocessoofoanyocourtoorootherwiseo toosecureoendsoofojustice.oWhetheroaocomplaintodisclosesoao criminalooffenceooronotodependsouponotheonatureoofofactso allegedotherein.oWhetheroessentialoingredientsoofocriminalo offenceoareopresentooronotohasotoobeojudgedobyotheoHigho Court.oAocomplaintodisclosingocivilotransactionsomayoalsoo haveo ao criminalo texture.o Buto theo Higho Courto musto seeo whetheroaodisputeowhichoisoessentiallyoofoaocivilonatureoiso givenoaocloakoofocriminalooffence.oInosuchoaosituation,oifoao civiloremedyoisoavailableoandois,oinofact,oadoptedoasohaso happenedoinothisocase,otheoHighoCourtoshouldonotohesitateo tooquashocriminaloproceedingsotoopreventoabuseoofoprocesso ofocourt."o o k 27k

26.k ThisoCourt,otherefore,ohasonoohesitationoinoholdingothatotheo disputeobetweenotheopartiesoisoessentiallyoofoaocivilonature,oforowhichotheo complainantohasoavailedoofohisociviloremedyoandoaodecreeoforospecifico performanceohasoalreadyobeenopassedoinohisofavour.oo

27.k Inotheofactsoandocircumstancesoasoenumeratedohereinabove,o continuationo ofo theo criminalo proceedingso ino FIRo No.92o datedo

11.02.2015ounderoSectionso406,o420oIPCoregisteredoatoPoliceoStationo Ballabgarho City,o Districto Faridabado (Annexureo P-1)o aso wello aso allo consequentialoproceedingsoarisingotherefrom,owouldobeonothingobutoano abuseo ofo theo processo ofo theo Court,o ando thus,o theo sameo areo herebyo quashed.oTheopetitionoisoaccordinglyoallowed.oo o o o o o (MANJARIooNEHRUooKAUL)o JUDGEo Augusto22,o2023o rpsoooooo Whetherospeaking/reasonedoo o Yes/Noo Whetheroreportableo o o Yes/Nook