- Court
- Supreme Court of India
- Decided
- 14 July 2008
- Bench
- Arijit Pasayat, P. Sathasivam
- Case no.
- Criminal Appeal No.868 of 2007
- Result
- Appeal allowed .
Headnote
Penal Code, 1860:
s. 304 (Part /) - Relations between family of deceased and that of Appellant strained - Hot exchange of words be-tween parties - Appellant assaulted deceased - Gave stick blow on head - Bleeding injury leading to death - Conviction by Courts below u/s.302 - On appeal, held: In the facts and circumstances of the case, appropriate conviction would be u/ s. 304 Part I - Custodial sentence of 10 years.
s. 300, Exception IV - App/lcability of - Held: For appli-cation of Exception 4, it is not sufficient to show that there was a sudden quarrel and that there was no premeditation - It must further be shown that the offender did not take undue advan-tage or acted in cruel or unusual manner - Expression "un-due advantage" as used in the provision means "unfair ad-vantage".
Words and Phrases - "sudden fight" and "undue advan-tage" - Meaning of - In context to Exception IV to s. 300, /PC.
The house of the deceased was adjacent to the house of the accused-Appellant. The relations between the family of the deceased and that of the Appellant were strained. According to the prosecution, on the incident date, pursuant to a hot exchange of words between the parties, Appellant and his two brothers attacked and beat lo.- the deceased with sticks and iron rod. Appellant allegedly gave a stick blow on the head of the deceased due to 1,. which he received bleeding injury and subsequently died as a result thereof. PW4, the doctor, who conducted the post-mortem examination opined that the injury on the head of the deceased was sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death and also opined that the said injury was possible by stick. The Trial Court convicted Appellant under s.302 IPC and one of his brothers under s.325 IPC, but acquitted the other brothers. High Court upheld the conviction of appellant. Hence the present appeal.
Allowing the appeal, the Court HELD:1. PWs. 1 and 3 were witnesses of the occur-rence. PW6 stated about the hot exchange of words which were going on. All the witnesses stated that Appellant had assaulted the deceased. Their evidence does not suffer from any infirmity. [Para 6] [921 F - G]
2.1. For bringing in operation of Exception 4 to s.300 IPC, it has to be established that the act was committed without premeditation, in a sudden fight in the heat of passion upon a sudden quarrel without the offender hav- · ing taken undue advantage and not having acted in a cruel or unusual manner. [Paras 7,8] [921 H - 922 -A]
2.2. The Fourth Exception to s.300 IPC covers acts done in a sudden fight. The said Exception deals with a case of prosecution not covered by the First Exception, after which its place would have been more appropriate. The Exception is founded upon the same principle, for in both there is absence of premeditation. But, while in the case of Exception 1 there is total deprivation of self-con-trol, in case of Exception 4, there is only that heat of pas-sion which clouds men's sober reason and urges them to deeds which they would not otherwise do. There is provocation in Exception 4 as in Exception 1; but the in-jury done is not the direct consequence of that provoca-tion. In fact Exception 4 deals with cases in which not-withstanding that a blow may have been struck, or some provocation given in the origin of the dispute or in what-ever way the quarrel may have originated, yet the subse-quent conduct of both parties puts them in respect of guilt upon equal footing. [Para 9] [922 A-D]
2.3 A "sudden fight" implies mutual provocation and blows on each side. The homicide committed is then clearly not traceable to unilateral provocation, nor in such cases could the whole blame be placed on one side. For if it were so, the Exception more appropriately applicable would be Exception 1. There is no previous deliberation or determination to fight. A fight suddenly takes place, for which both parties are more or less to be blamed. It may be that one of them starts it, but if the other had not ag-gravated it by his own conduct it would not have taken the serious turn it did. There is 'then mutual provocation r and aggravation, and it is difficult to apportion the share of blame which attaches to each fighter. The help of Ex-ception 4 can be invoked if death is caused ( a) without premeditation; (b) in a sudden fight; ( c ) without the of-fender having taken undue advantage or acted in a cruel or unusual manner; and ( d ) the fight must have been with the person killed. [Para 9] [922 D-H]
2.4 To bring a case within Exception 4, all the ingre-dients mentioned in it must be found. It is to be noted that the "fight" occurring in Exception 4 to Section 300 IPC is .... not defined in IPC. It takes two to make a fight. Heat of passion requires that there must be no time for the pas-sions to cool down and in this case, the parties have worked themselves into a fury on account of the verbal altercation in the beginning. A fight is a combat between two or more persons whether with or without weapons. It is not possible to enunciate any general rule as to what shall be deemed to be a sudden quarrel. It is a question of fact and whether a quarrel is sudden or not must neces-sarily depend upon the proved facts of each case. For the application of Exception 4, it is not sufficient to show that there was a sudden quarrel and that there was no premeditation. It must further be shown that the offender has not taken undue advantage or acted in cruel or un-usual manner. The expression "undue advantage" a$ used in the provision means "unfair advantage". [Para 9] [922 H-923 D]
Sandhya Jadhav v. State of Maharashtra (2006) 4 SCC 653 - relied on.
3. When the factual scenario is considered in the background of legal principles set out above, the inevi-table conclusion is that the appropriate conviction would be under s.304 Part I IPC. Custodial sentence of 10 years should meet the ends of justice. [Para 11] [923 D-E]
Headnote as published in the Digital Supreme Court Reports by the Supreme Court of India. Paragraph references point to the judgment below.
Judgment
f, Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J. 1. Challenge in this appeal is to
the judgment of the Division Bench of the Bombay High Court, Nagpur Bench, upholding conviction of the appellant for offence punishable under Sections 302 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in short the 'IPC') as was awarded by the 9th Additional Ses-sions Judge, Nagpur. Three persons faced trial. They are Sk. Rahim(A-1), Sk. Azim (A-2) and Sk Ibrahim (A-3). A-1 was ac-quitted and A-3 was convicted for offence punishable under Section 325 IPC.
¶2Background facts in a nutshell are as follows:
The house of Abdul Jabbar Qureshi (hereinafter referred to as the 'deceased') was adjacent to the house of the appel-lant/accused in Nava Nakasha, Lashkaribagh, Nagpur. At the relevant time, the appellant along with his two brother i.e. Sk. Rahim.and Sk. Ibrahim as well as his parents and grand father were residing in the same house. According to the prosecution, about four months prior to the incident in question, the relations between the family of the deceased and the accused were strained, since the family members of the deceased allegedly threw filth from their side of the house into the courtyard of the· house of the accused. The family members of the deceased questioned the conduct of the family members of the accused. However .. the appellant and his family members did not pay heed to this aspect.
The incident ir:i question took place on 8.8.1986 at about 12.00 noon. The deceased and his son Abdul Khaliq were present in their house along with other family members. At that time they noticed that some filth has been thrown by somebody in the backyard of their house from the side of the house of the accused. The deceased and his family members, therefore, got angJy1i:md expressed their displeasure in loud and strong words. The family members of the accused heard the words used by the family members of the deceased and, therefore, the lady members of the family of the accused started abusing the de-ceased and his family members in filthy language. Then the de-ceased and his son Abdul Kha liq came out of their house. The accused persons along with their grand father Shaikh Ahmed also came out of their house. Accused Sk. Azim (appellant) was holding a Stick, accused Sk. Ibrahim was holding an iron rod and accused Sk. Rahim was also holding a stick in his hand. Accused Azim gave a stick blow on the head of the deceased due to which he received bleeding injury. Abdul Khaliq, son of the deceased, rushed to rescue his father. All the accused at-tacked him and beat him with iron rod and stick on his head and abdomen. Abdul Khaliq received injuries on his person. The persons from the locality gathered and rescued them from the accused. The deceased had become unconscious because of the blow which was given by accused no.2, the appellant on the head of the deceased. His condition was serious. There-fore, he was sent to Mayo hospital. The deceased succumbed to the injuries on the next day i.e. on 9.3.1986 at about 3.30 p.m.
The dead body of the deceased was referred to the doc-tor for post mortem examination. Dr. Deuskar (PW4) conducted the post mortem examination and opined that the injury on the head of the deceased was sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death and also opined that the said injury is possible by the weapon like stick (lathi).
¶3The conviction was challenged before the High Court, which as noted above, dismissed the same. The present ap-peal has been filed by A2.
¶4Learned counsel for the appellant in support of the ap-peal submitted that the prosecution version is not cogent. The evidence of PWs. 3 and 6 should not have been relied upon though they claim to have witnessed the incident. In any event, it is submitted that the offence is not covered by Section 302 IPC. The occurrence took place during the course of a sudden quarrel.
¶5Learned counsel for the respondent-State supported the judgment of the courts below.
¶6So far as evidence of eye witnesses is concerned, PWs. 1 and 3 were the witnesses of the occurrence. So far as PW6 is concerned, he has stated about the hot exchange of words which were going on. All the witnesses have stated that A-2 had assaulted the deceased. Their evidence does not suffer from any infirmity.
¶7In essence the stand of learned counsel for the appel-lant is that Exception IV to Section 300 IPC would apply to the facts of the case.
¶8For bringing in operation of Exception 4 to Section 300 IPC., it has to be established that the act was committed without premeditation, in a sudden fight in the heat of passion upon a sudden quarrel witho.ut the offender having taken undue advan-tage and not having acted in a cruel or unusual manner.
¶9The Fourth Exception to Section 300 IPC covers acts done in a sudden fight. The said Exception deals with a case of prosecution not covered by the First Exception, after which its place would have been more appropriate. The Exception is founded upon the same principle, for in both there is absence of premeditation. But, while in the case of Exception 1 there is total deprivation of self-control, in case of Exception 4, there is only that heat of passion which clouds men's sober reason and urges them to deeds which they would not otherwise do. There is provocation in Exception 4 as in Exception 1; but the injury done is not the direct consequence of that provocation. In fact Exception 4 deals with cases in which notwithstanding that a blow may have been struck, or some provocation given in the origin of the dispute or in whatever way the quarrel may have originated, yet the subsequent conduct of both parties puts them in respect of guilt upon equal footing. A "sudden fight" implies mutual provocation and blows on each side. The homicide com-mitted is then .clearly not traceable to unilateral provocation, nor in such cases could the whole blame be placed on one side. For if it were so, the Exception more appropriately applicable would be Exception 1. There is no previous deliberation or de-termination to fight. A fight suddenly takes place, for which both parties are more or less to be blamed. It may be that one of them starts it, but if the other had not aggravated it by his own conduct it would not have taken the serious turn it did. There is then mutual provocation and aggravation, and it is difficult to apportion the share of blame which attaches to each fighter~ The help of Exception 4 can be invoked if death is caused ( a ) without premeditation; ( b ) in a sudden fight; ( c ) without the offender having taken undue advantage or acted in a cruel or unusual manner; and ( d) the fight must have been with the per-son killed., To bring a case within Exception 4 all the ingredients mentioned in it must be found. It is to be noted that the "fight" occurring in Exception 4 to Section 300 IPC is not defined in IPC. It takes two to make a fight. Heat of passion requires that there must be no time for the passions to cool down and in this case, the parties have worked themselves into a fury on ac-count of the verbal altercation in the beginning. A fight is a com-s bat between two or more persons whether with or without weap-ons. It is not possible to enunciate any general rule as to what shall be deemed to be a sudden quarrel. It is a question of fact and whether a quarrel is sudden or not must necessarily de-pend upon the proved facts of each case. For the application of Exception 4, it is not sufficient to show that there was a sudden quarrel and that there was no premeditation. It must further be shown that the offender has not taken undue advantage or acted in cruel or unusual manner. The expression "undue advantage" as used in the provision means "unfair advantage".
¶10The above position is highlighted in Sandhya Jadhav v. State of Maharashtra (2006) 4 SCC 653).
¶11When the factual scenario is considered in the back-ground of legal principles set out above, the inevitable conclu-sion is that the appropriate conviction would be under Section 304 Part I IPC. Custodial sentence of 10 years should meet the ends of justice.
¶12Appeal is allowed to the aforesaid extent.
Case details
Arising from
CRIMINALAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 868 of 2007
From the Judgment and Order dated 25.11.2002 of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay, Nagpur Bench, Nagpur in Criminal Appeal No. 183/1990
Kishore Lambat, Devan Lambat and R.S. Lambat for the Appellant.
Appearances
Ravindra Keshavrao Adsure for the Respondent.
Source: Supreme Court of India, Digital Supreme Court Reports, via the Indian Supreme Court Judgments open dataset (CC BY 4.0). Text was extracted from the official PDF and may contain conversion errors. Check the official PDF before relying on it.