The State of Ajmer (Now Rajasthan) v. Shivji Lal

W ANCHOO, J.-This appeal is on a certificate grant-Wanchoo J. ed by the J udieial Commissioner of Ajmer. One Shivji Lal Joshi (hereinafter called the accused) was prosecuted under s. 161 of the Indian Penal C9de and s. 5 (2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, No. II of 1947. He was convicted by the Special Judge on both counts and sentenced to suffer rigorous imprison-ment for a total period of six months. He filed an appeal before the Judicial Commissioner of Ajmer.

The appeal was allowed on the ground that the accus-ed was not a public servant, though the Judicial Commissioner agreed with the findings of the Special Judge so far as the facts were concerned. The State applied for a certificate under Ai't, 134 (1) (c) of the Constitution to enable it to appeal to this Court. This certificate was granted; and that is how the appeal has come before us.

The facts which have been found by both the eourtH are these. The accused was a teacher in the railway school at Phulera. Prem Singh who was the com-plafoant was known to the accused for about a year before the incident which took place on October 6, 1954. He was in search of a job and the accused had told him a number of times that he would procure a job for him in the Railway Running Shed at Abu Road, if Prem Singh paid him Rs. 100. On October 5, 1954, the accused had met Prem Singh at Kaiserganj r959 in Ajmer and told him that Dusehra holidays were

approaching and if he paid Rs. 100 the accused would Stale of Aj11wr go to Abu Road to secure a job for him. Eventually

v.

liivji .ial it was agreed between the two that Prem Singh would

pay him Rs. 50 on the next day while the remaining Wanchoo f. Rs. 50 would be paid after the job had been secured.

After this agreement, Prem Singh went to the Deputy Superintendent Police (Special Police Establishment), and made a complaint to the effect that the accused had told him that he could secure employment for hi!'J1 at Abu Road Loi;io Shed as he bad considerable influence there and had demanded Rs. 100 as illegal gratification for that purpose. Prem Singh also said that it had been settled that he would pay Rs. 50 in advance and Rs. 50 after his appointment. Conse-quently, Prem Singh wrote out an application addres-sed to the Divisional Mechanical Engineer, Abu Road, and also produced five ten-rupee notes before the Deputy Superintendent Police. The numbers of these notes were noted down and the Deputy Superintend-ent Police arranged that one Nathu Singh should ac-company Prem Singh as a cousin when Prem Singh met the accused next day to pay him the money. On October 6, 1954, Prem Singh accompanied by Nathu Singh met the accused as arranged and the accused asked him for an application. Prem Singh gave him the application which he had already written out and the accused said that that would serve the purpose. The accused then asked Prem Singh for the money and he handed over the five ten-rupee notes, adding that he would pay the remaining Rs. 50 after getting service and assuring him that he would keep to his part of the bargain. Thereafter Prem Singh gave the pre-arranged signal and the police party headed by the Deputy Superintendent of Police arrived. The Deputy Superintendent Police disclosed his identity and searched the person of the accused. In that search, the application which Prem Singh had written for the Divisional Mechanical Engineer, Abu Road, and the five ten-rupee notes were recovered. Thereafter the accused was prosecuted as already mentioned above.

The accused admitted that the application as well r959 as the five ten-rupee notes were recovered from him by the police. His explanation was that one Jiwan Stale of Ajmer Ram had given him the application which was in v. Shivji Lal English and which was said to be a letter for a friend of Jiwan Ram at Abu Road. The accused did not Wanchoo j. know English and took the application to be a letter to be delivered to the friend of Jiwan Ram. Jiwan Ram also gave him five ten-rupee notes to be given to that very friend of his when the accused went to Abu Road. As alreatly stated, both the courts below have accepted the prosecution version set out above and disbelieved the explanation given by the accused. The Special Judge convicted the accused on the basis of the prosecution story. The Judicial Commissioner, though he accepted the prosecution story to be true, held that the accused was not a public servant and therefore ordered his acquittal. The main question that has been raised on behalf of the appellant there-fore in this appeal is that the Judicial Commissioner erred in holding that the accused was not a public servant within the meaning of s. 21 of the Indian Penal Code.

The question whether the accused is a public ser-vant under s. 21 of the Indian Penal Code depends upon the interpretation of the last part of the Ninth clause of that section, which is in these terms:-

" -......... every officer in the service or pay. of the Government or remunerated by fees or commission for the performance of any public duty." .

The Judicial Commissioner seems to have over-looked this part of the Ninth clause, for he says that it had not been shown that it was the duty of the accus-ed to take, receive, keep or expend any property on behalf of the Government so that he may come under the Ninth clause of s. 21. This only refers to the ear-lier part of the Ninth clause and the last part which we have set out above does not seem to have l;/een considered at all. This very question came up for consideration in this Court in G. A. Monterio v. The State of Ajmer (1) and it was laid down that the true I959 test in order to determine whether a person is an

officer of the Government, is: (1) whether he is in the State of Aj1ner service or pay.of the Government and (2) whether he

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Shiv}i Lal is entrusted with the performance of any public duty.

It is not disputed in this case that the accused was in fVanchoo ]. the service of Government and was being paid by

Government. It cannot also, in our opinion, be doubt-ed that he was entrusted with the performance of a public duty inasmuch as he was a teacher in a school maintained by Government and it was part of his public duty to teach boys. In these circumstances the Judicial Commissioner was in error in holding that the accused was not a public servant within the mean-ing of the Ninth clause of s. 21.

This, however, does not dispose of the matter. Learned counsel for the accused has urged that even if the accused is held to be a public servant, he cannot be held guilty on either of the charges framed against him. \Ve shall first take the charge under s. 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act read with s. 5(1) (d). The charge was that the accused by corrupt or illegal means or by abusing his position as a public servant obtained pecuniary advantage for himself inasmuch as he took Rs. 50 from Prem Singh on October 6, 1954. Mere receiving of money by a public servant even if it be by corrupt means is not sufficient to make out an offence under s. 5 (2) read with s. 5(l)(d). The relevant ·part of s. 5(l)(d) reads as follows:-

" A public servant is said to commit the offence of criminal misconduct in the discharge of his duty, if he, by corrupt or illegal means or by otherwise abus-ing his position as a public servant, obtains for himself or for any other person any valuable thing or pecu-niary advantage". _

The offence under this provision consists of criminal misconduct in the discharge of his duty. In order, therefore, that this offence is committed there shonld be misconduct by the public servant in the discharge of his duty. In other words the public servant must do something in connection with his own duty and thereby obtain money for himself or for any other person by corrupt or illegal means or by otherwise abusing his position. If a public servant takes money from I959 a third person in order to corrupt some other public servant and there is no question of his misconducting State of Ajmer himself in the discharge of his own duty, that action v. Shivji Lal may be an offence under s. 161 of the Indian Penal Code but would not be an offence under s. 5(2) read Wanchoo with s. 5(l)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act. The essence of an offence under s. 5(2) read with s. 5(l)(d) is that the public servant should do some-thing in the discharge of his own duty and thereby obtain any valuable thing or pecuniary advantage for himself or for any other person by corrupt or illegal means or by otherwise abusing his position. The words " by otherwise abusing his position " read along with the words "in the discharge of his duty" appearing in s. 5(l)(d) make it quite clear that an offence under that section requires that the public servant should misc conduct himself in the discharge of his own duty. In the present case, the accused was a teacher and -it was no part of his duty to make appointments in the Running Shed at Abu Road. There would, therefore, be no question of his committing misconduct in the discharge of his duty wh\)n he took money for procur-ing a job for Prem Sin\gh in the gunning Shed. So far therefore as the charge under s. 5(l)(d) is concerned, we are of opinion that there was no question of the accused misconducting himself in the discharge of his own duty in the circumstances of this case and it must fail.

Now we turn to the charge under s. 161 of the Indian Penal Code. The relevant part of that section (omitting the unnecessary words) for the purpose of this case is in these terms :

" Whoever, being a public servant, accepts from any person for himself any gratification whatever other than legal remuneration as a motive·or reward for rendering or attempting to render any service or disservice to any person with any public servant".

This requires that the person accepting the gratifica-tion should be (1) a public servant, (2) he should accept gratification for himself, and (3) the gratification 1959 should be as a motive or reward for rendering or

attempting to render any service or disservice to any State of Aj1ner person with any other public servant. The charge

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Shivji Lal under s. 161 of the Indian Penal Code which was

framed in this case stated that the accused being a Wanchoo ]. public servant accepted on October 6, 1954, a sum of

Rs. 50 from Prem Singh " as illegal gratification as a motive for securing a job for him in the Hail way Running Shed". Now the first two ingredients set out above are clearly established in this case; but the third ingredient, (namely, that the gratification should have· been taken as a motive or reward for rendering or attempting to render any service with any public servant) is not even charged against the accused. The charge merely says that he took the money as a motive for securing a job for Prem Singh in the Rail-way Running Shed, Abu Road. It does not disclose who was the public servant whom the accused would have approached for rendering or attempting to render service to Prem Singh in securing a job for him .. Even in the complaint made by Prem Singh to the Deputy Superintendent Police all that was said was that the accused told Prem Singh that he would secure a job for him at Abu Road because he had considerable in'fluence there. It was not disclosed as to who was the public servant on whom the accused had influence and whom he would approach in order to render ser-vice to Prem Singh. In his statement also Prem Singh did not say that the accused had told him that he had influence on any particular public servant at Abu Road who in he would influence in order to render this service to Prem. Singh, namely procuring him a job. It is true that the application was addressed by Prem Singh to the Divisional Mechanical Engineer and was given to the accus~ who said .that it was all right; but Prem Singh did not even say that the accused had asked him to address the application to the Divisional Mechanical Engineer. It seems that the application was addressed to the Divisional Mechanical Engineer, simply because he was obviously the officer in-charge of the Railway Running Shed at Abu Road. Thus Prem Singh did not say either in his complaint or in his statement that the accused had told him that he I959 would render service to him by approaching a parti-cular public servant. In the charge.sheet submitted State of Ajmer v. by the police as well as in the charge framed by the Shivji Lal court, it was not disclosed whether any public servant would be approached to render service to Prem Singh, Wanchoo i.e., by securing him a job. In the circumstances one of the ingredients of the offence under s. 161 was neither alleged nor charged nor proved against the accused. The mere fact that a person takes money in order to get a job for another person somewhere would not by itself necessarily be an offence under s. 161 of the Indian Penal Code unless all the ingredi-ents of that section are made out. As in this case one of the main ingredients of that section has not been made out, the accused would be entitled to acquittal.

However, it has been urged on behalf of the State that presumption under s. 4(1) of the Prevention of Corruption Act arises in this case as money passed hands from l'rem Singh to the accused ands. 4(1) provides that if an accused person has accepted any gratification for himself or for any other person, it shall be presumed unless the contrary is proved that he accepted that gratification as a motive or reward as is mentioned in s. 161 of the Indian Penal Code. Assuming that this presumption can be raised even when all that is proved is mere passing of money, the question still remains whether a presumption as to the motive or reward such as is mentioned in s. 161 of the Indian Penal Code-can be raised in this case at all, when we know as a fact that Prem Singh never said in the complaint that the accused had told him that he would influence any public servant and did not even say so in his statement in court and there was no mention in the charge-sheet by the police or in the charge framed by the court that the accused was going to influence any public servant in order to secure a job for Prem Singh at Ahu Road. We are of opinion that if the evidence had disclosed that the accused had indicated that he would influence any public servant in order to secure a job for Prem Singh a presumption as to the motive or reward might have

I959 been drawn under s. 4(1), assuming again that such a

presumption can be drawn where there is simple pass-Stale of Ajnier ing of money. But when there is no indication what-

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Shivji Lal ever that any public servant was to be approached or

influenced by the accused there can, in our opinion, be Wanchoo ]. no question of making a presumption that the pay.

ment was as a motive or reward for rendering service with any public servant. In this view of the matter we are of opinion that the offence under s. 161 of the Indian Penal Code is not made out against the accused, for one of its essential ingredients is missing and no presumption can be drawn in the circumstances in that connect.ion. We therefore dismiss the appeal though for reasons different from those which com-mended themselves to the learned Judicial Commis-sioner.

Appeal dismissed.

RAM DIAL

I959 v.

April 23. SANT LAL AND OTHERS (B. P. SINHA, J. L. KAPUR and

M. HIDAYATULLAH, JJ.)

Election Petition-Allegation of corrupt practice-Mandate to voters by religious leader-Undue influence-Representation of the People Act, r95r (27 of r95r), s. r23(2), proviso (a)( ii).

This appeal was directed against concurrent orders of· the Election Tribunal and the High Court on appeal, setting aside the appellant's election to the Punjab Legislative Assembly· on an election petition filed by the respondent No. r, on the ground of corrupt practice of undue influence within the meaning of proviso (a)(ii) to s. r23(1) of the Representation of the People Act, r95r. A large number of voters of the constituency were Namdhari Sikhs and the appellant, under the auth'ority of the supreme religious leader of the Namdhari Sikhs and his son, issued the following poster and distributed it widely throughout the constituency,-