Laxmi Devi Sugar Mills v. Nand Kishore Singh.

BhagwatiJ. would entitle the appellant, after due enquiry, to

dismiss a workman from its employ.

There were longstanding disputes between the ap-pellant and its workmen since October, 1946, and on the 23rd February, 1949, Kedar Nath Khetan, one of the partners of the appellant, wrote to Shri Kashi I Nath Pandey, General Secretary, Indian National Sugar Workers Federation, promising to remove the General Manager as soon as the season of the Chhitauni factory was over. There was, however, an agreement arrived at between the partners of the factory and the Ohini Mills Mazdoor Sangh on the 13th September, 1949, under which the demand for the removal of the General Manager was withdrawn by the workers. The disputes, however, continued and matters came to a head in 1952. In May, 1952, the management charged 76 members of the Union for participation in a 'Tools-down' strike. The matter went up to the Labour Appellate Tribunal which, by its award, reinstated all the 76 workmen. The man-agement preferred writ petitions Nos. 402 and 409 in the Allahabad High Court but the same also were dismissed. Special Leave was obtained from this Court against those decisions of the Allahabad High Court and the same are pending.

During the pendency of the application of the man-agement for the discharge of the said 76 workmen before the Labour Appellate Tribunal, the workers held a meeting on the 10th June, 1952, near an old mosque outside the factory area to consider the situa-tion arising out of the suspension of the 76 workmen and the ways and means of meeting the same. The respondent participated in the said meeting as the Vice-President of the Union and made a speech criti-cising the attitude of the General Manager in terms which were set out in the report dated the 10th June, 1956 1952, submitted by two workers by name Ganga Dhar Tewari and Jamuna Prasad to the General Manager. Laxmi Devi Sugar Mills The speech of the respondent as reported therew as v. to the following effect:- Nand Kishore

"The General Manager of this factory wants to Singh crush the Labour movement from the very beginning. J. He allowed some of his intermediaries to join strike Bhagwati when Shri Shibban Lal Saxena had served a strike notice. His men had also persuaded some of our members to join the strike. As a result of this we had decided to launch a strike. On the other hand, the Manager Sahib was sitting on the phone for the per-mission of the Collector to dismiss all our fellow workers. Shri Moti Lal Singh was able to discover this conspiracy and he at once prevented us from going on strike. Then Manager Sahib could not succeed in his plan.

This time he has falsely accused 76 of our workers of resorting to Tools-down strike. These workers will surely be reinstated. But our efforts are rendered useless due to the acts of the Government Officers;

the Collector of this District is getting some thing secretly from the Manager Sahib. We have only one alternative open to us, let us again agitate for his dismissal. Many of the proprietors have written to me against him".

A resolution was moved at that meeting for the rein-statement of the 76 workers and dismissal of Shri Madan Pal Singh, the General Manager and the same was passed.

As stated above, the two workers Ganga Dhar Tewari and Jamuna Prasad reported the proceedjngs of the said meeting to the General Manager on the very same day. The General Manager thereafter addressed a letter to the respondent on the 16th July, 1952, stating that he, the respondent, was present in and addressed a meeting held on the 10th June, 1952, wherein, among other matters, a resolution for the reinstatement of the 76 suspended workers and the removal of the General Manager was passed. He asked the respondent to give him information regard-1956 ing the above-mentioned facts within 24 hours of the

receipt of the letter. The responaent replied on the Laxmi Devi 17th July, 1952, stating that be never attended any Sugar Mills meeting whatever in bis capacity as the Steno-typist

v.

NandKisho~ of the factory and expressed his inability, therefore,

Singh to say anything in the capacity in which the letter

dated the 16th July, 1952, had been addressed by the BhagwatiJ. General Manager to him. Not being content with by-

passing the whole issue in this manner, he proceeded to observe that it was none of the factory's business to seek information from him for his personal, social or political activities outside the factory area. He stated that as a matter of courtesy any information asked for would have been supplied by him, but, as the things stood, he very much regretted his inability to comply with the wishes of the General Manager. The General Manager again addressed a letter to the res-pondent on the 17th July, 1952, stating that he was entitled to seek the information from him even in his personal capacity and asked him to let him have the reply to the queries contained in the letter dated the 16th July, 1952. The respondent, in his letter dated the 17th July, 1952 in reply, observed that some of the conclusions drawn by the General Manager were "simply out of self-complacency" and he respectfully begged to differ from the General ManJtger. He stated that he had nothing further to add to his earlier reply dated the 17th July, 1952.

The General Map.ager waited for a while and on the lat August, 1952, served upon the respondent a charge-sheet calling upon the respondent to show cause why action should not be taken against him under clause L(1) (i) of the Standing Orders for making a speech in a meeting held near the local mosque on the 10th June, 1952, wherein, among other defamatory re-marks, he, the respondent, instigated the workers to take steps for the removal of the General Manager. The respondent was asked to submit his explanation latest by 10 a.m. on the 2nd Augl1!lt, 1952. The res-pondent submitted his written statement accordingly wherein he stated that there was absolutely no justi-fication whatsoever for charging him with breach of the Standing Orders under clause L(l) (j). He denied 1956 the allegations contained in the charge-sheet and wound up by asking the General Manager to enlighten Laxmi De'IJi him as to under what rules of the Factories Act, Sugar Mills v. Commercial Establishments Act or the Standing N and K ishore Orders, written replies in the matters other than one's Singh daily routine work of the factory were demanded at such short notice. Bhagwatf l·

The General Manager fixed 10 a.m. on Monday the 4th August, 1952, for the holding of the enquiry and the respondent was called upon to present himself in time and he was also intimated that he would be at liberty to produce oral or documentary evidence in defence against the charges framed against him.

An enquiry was accordingly held by the General Manager on the 4th August, 1952. The proceedings thereat were recorded in the form of questions and answers. The respondent adopted an attitude which was consistent with the one which he had adopted in the course of the correspondence above referred to.

He refused to answer the questions which were cate-gorically put by the General Manager to him and stated that he had nothing to add to his written statement. He also took up the attitude that if he had taken part in any meeting held under the aus-pices of the Chini Mills Mazdoor Sangh outside the factory, the General Manager should write to the officials of the Sangh for necessary information. When it was specifically put to him that no confidential work was taken from him as he had been taking active interest in the anti-management activities mali-ciously and had been exploiting the poor labour to force himself being confirmed by the management, he said that he did not agree with it and it was not a question which needed any reply.

As a result of the enquiry, the General Manager made his report on the 24th October, 1952, wherein he found that the respondent had made a speech exhorting the workmen of the factory to pass a resolu-tion for the removal of the General Manager, that the management was bound to lose confidence if a worker who had excited other workers against the General 1956 Manager of the concern ,refused to give a direct reply

to direct questions, that, in the absence of a Steno-Larml Devi typist who could enjoy the confidence of the manage-S"gar Mills ment, it was impossible to run the factory without the

v.

N and K i6hore risk of any trouble and that the respondent was thus

Singh guilty of misconduct and acts subversive of discipline.

As, however, there was a pendency of a proceeding Bliagwati J. before the Labour Appellate Tribunal, an application

should be made to that authority for permitting his dismissal.

This report was accepted by the management and the appellant made the application under section 22 of the Industrial Disputes (Appellate Tribunal) Act, 1950, for permission to dismiss the respondent from its employ.

The Labour Appellate Tribunal embarked on the freedom of speech vouchsafed to the citizens of India under article 19(1) (a) of the Constitution, observed that the making of the speech in question at the meeting held by the respondent as the Vice-President of the Union was within the scope of the legitimate activities of the Union and held that the speech said · to have been made by the respondent at the meeting

could not be said to be an act subversive of discipline. The application of the appellant was accordingly dis-missed. Hence this appeal before us.

The only question for determination before us is whether the speech made by the respondent at the meeting held on the 10th June, 1952, was an act sub-versive of discipline. The respondent was the Vice-President of the Union and, prima facie, any resolu-tion passed by the Union asking for the remova 1 of the General Manager would bo perfectly legitimate if the members of the Union thought that there were circum-stances warranting the same. The correctness or otherwise of the reasons given for such removal would not be liable to scrutiny by the Court, the only thing requisite being that the Union was not acting mala fide or was not actuated by any malice or illwill against the General Manager in passing such resolu-tion. The resolution by itself would not have the effect of harming the General Manager at all. It would have to be forwarded to themanagement and 1956 the management would take such steps as it may be advised on receipt of the resolution. It would Laxmi De'f)i Sugar Mills then be for the management to find for itself whe-v. ther the reasons given for the removal of the N and K ishore General Manager were such as to warrant his removal. Singh The management would then, if it thought necessary, institute proper enquiries and come to his own con-BhagwatiJ. clusion as to the desirability or otherwise of the re-moval of the General Manager. So far as the Union is concerned, apart from mala fides or malice or ill will, the act of its passing the resolution would be in-nocuous and would not be liable to be visited with any punishment and the members of the Union would not be committing any breach of the Standing Orders nor would they be guilty of any act subversive of dis-cipline. The gravamen of the charge I\'.)ade by the management against the respondent, however, was that the latter was not merely responsible for the passing of such resolution, but, in the speech which he made in support, he gave vent to such expressions as were quite false and defamatory and was actuated by malice against the General Manager. He incited the members of the Union who were there assembled against the General Manager with the result that his act was thus subversiv.e of discipline. The speech had the effect of lowering the General Manager in the esteem of the workmen and subjecting him to hatred or ridicule and the necessary effect of making such speech before the workmen would be that they would look down upon the General Manager and would not be amenable to discipline and it would be impossible to conduct the management with efficiency with such disgruntled workmen in the factory. The words used by the respondent were, therefore, it was urged, cal-culated to undermine the discipline in the factory and his act was, therefore, subversive of discipline bring-ing him well within the mischief of clause L(I)(j) of the Standing Orders.

It was further urged that the ctmduct of the res-pondent in the course of the correspondence which took pl11.ce between the General Manager and himself 1956 was, to say the least, impudent. He relied upon his

dual personality distinguishing between his capacity I...axmi Devi as the Steno-typist and his capacity as the Vice-Presi-Sugar Mills

v. dent of the Union. The act complained of was attri-N and K ishore buted to his capacity as the Vice-President of the

Singh Union and he refused to give any reply to the queries

addressed to him because in the letters addressed bv Bhagwati j. the General Manager to him he was described as the

Steno-typist. He refused to give any information to the General Manager and asked him to communicate with the Sangh or the Union if any information was required by the General Manager in the matter of what took place at the meeting of the Union on the 10th June, 1952. In the enquiry also, he adopted a similar attitude and refused to answer the direct ques-tions addressed to him by the General Manager in re-gard to the proceedings of that meeting.

It was strenuously urged before us by the learned counsel for the appellant that this conduct of the respondent was subversive of discipline and amounted to such misconduct as would entitle the appellant to dismiss him from its employ. There is considerable force in this argument and we are of the opinion that the respondent adopted an attitude unbecoming an employee of the appellant. He adopted a truculent attitude in the course of the correspondence and re-sorted to the theory of his dual personality refusing to answer the queries addressed to him by the General Manager. This attitude was, to say the least, repre-hensible. Even though he happened to occupy what he considered to be the august position of the Vice-President of the Union he did not cease to be an em-ployee of the appellant and the attempt to dis-tinguish between his capacity as the Steno-typist and his capacity as the Vice-President of the Union was absolutely puerile. He ought to have realised that he was first and foremost an employee of the a ppel-lant and owed a duty to the appellant to answer all the queries which had been addressed to him by the General l\fanaget. His evasion to give such replies on the pretext of shielding himself under his capacity as the Vice-President of the Union was absolutely unjustifiable and if such insubordination and breach of 1956 discipline had been the subject-matter of the charges made against him, we do not see -how the respondent Laxmi Devi could have escaped the punishment of dismissal. Sugar Mills v. Similar is the position in regard to the attitude N and I<ishore which the respondent adopted at the enquiry. He Singh refused to answer the direct questions which were J, addresse.d to him and had the temerity to ask the Bhagu:ati General Manager to see his written statement and find.out for himself the answers to the same. To say the least, the respondent was guilty of insubordina-tion and if his attitude was such as would not con-duce to the maintenance of discipline in the factory, here also we would have found it difficult to resist the appellant's claim for his dismissal if be had been charged with having been guilty of such misconduct.

The charge-sheet, however, only complained about the speech which he had made on the 10th June, 1952, wherein, among other defamatory remarks, he, the respondent, had instigated the workers to take steps for the removal of the General Manager. The enquiry which was held on the 4th August, 1952, also concentrated on this particular charge and the report which was made by the General Manager on the 24th October, 1952, also found that the respondent had made a speech exhorting the workers to pass the re- • solution for the removal of the General Manager.

The acts of insubordination calculated to undermine the discipline in the factory which we have adverted to above were neither the subject-matters of the charge nor were they relied upon by the General Manager in his report as the grounds of misconduct entitling the management to dismiss the respondent from its employ. The passing of the resolution for the removal of the General Manager by itself was not, as already stated, an act subversive of discipline and would not entitle the management to dismiss him and we are of the opinion that, on the record as it \ stood, the Labour Appellate Tribunal was justified in refusing to the appellant the permission to dismiss the respondent from its employ.

The charge-sheet which was furnished by the appel-

1956 lant to the respondent formed the basis of the enquiry

which was held by the General Manager and the Laxnii Devi appellant could not be allowed to justify its action on Sugar Mills any other grounds than those contained in the charge-

v.

N and K ishore sheet. The respondent not having been charged with

Singh the acts of insubordination which would have really

justified the appellant in dismissing him from its em-BhagwatiJ. ploy, the appellant could not take advantage of

the same even though these acts could be brought home to him. We have, therefore, com!'l to the con-clusion that the order made by the Labour Appel-late Tribunal was correct even though we have· done so on grounds other than those whi.ih commended themselves to it.

We accordingly dismiss this appeal but having regard to the conduct of the respondent which we have characterised above as reprehensible we feel that the ends of justice will be met if we ordered that each party do bear and pay its own costs of this appeal.

Appeal dismissed.

1956 DEOKI NANDAN

v.

October • 4 MURLIDHAR .

[JAGANNADHADAS, VENKATARAMA AYYAR,

B. P. SINHA and S. K. DAS JJ.]

Hindu Law-Religious end<>Wment-Temple-Public or private -Question of mixed fact and law-Gift to idol-Whether worship-pers are the beneficiaries-: Dedication to public-Construction of will -Ceremonies relating to installation of idol-fher of temple.

The issue whether a. religious endowment is a. public or e. pri· va.te one is a. mixed question of law and fact the decision of whi°6b must depend on the application of legal concepts of • public and • private endowment to the facts found and is open to consideration by the Supreme Court.

Lakshmidhar Misra v. Rangalal ([1949] L.R. 76 I.A. 271), re-ferred to.

The di•tinction between a private and a public endowment is that whereas in the former the beneficiaries a.re specific individua.ls, in the latter they are the general public or a class thereof,

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No.

162 of 1954.

Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated the 21st day of July 1953 of the Labour Appellate Tribunal of India, Lucknow in Miscellane-ous Case No. C-III-33 of 1952.

H.J. Umrigar and R. A. Govind for the appellant.

B. P. Maheshwari for the respondent.

1956. October 4. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by-

BHAGWATI J.-The Labour Appellate Tribunal of India at Lucknow dismissed the application of the appellant made under section 22 of the Industrial Disputes (Appellate Tribunal) Act, 1950, for permis-sion to dismiss the respondent, its workman, and the appellant obtained from this Court Special Leave to Appeal against that order.

The respondent has been working as a Steno-typist with the appellant since 3rd December, 1946, and is also the Vice-President of the Union of workers which is affiliated to the Indian National Trade Union Congres!l and is known as Chini Mills Mazdoor Sangh.

One M. P. Singh has at all relevant times been and is still the General Manager of the appellant.

The relations between the appellant and its work-men are governed by the Standing Orders framed by mutual agreement between the Labour and the Sugar Mills in Uttar Pradesh which have been approved by 1956 the Government of Uttar Pradesh. Clause L(l)(j) of

the said Standing Orders runs as under:- Lax11ii Devi "Drunkenness or gambling or riotous or disorder-Sugar Mills ly behaviour while on duty in factory premises, or in

v.

Naud Kishore quarters provided by the mills or elsewhere or any

Singh act subversive of discipline".

These are among the items of misconduct which